Ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kakhulu kokusetshenziswa kwezitebhisi kanye nokutholwa kwensiza yebhethri ye-lithium

著者：Iflowpower – Dodavatel přenosných elektráren

Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo: Impahla ye-electrode enhle yebhethri ye-lithium-ion iqukethe izakhi zensimbi ezinzima njenge-nickel, i-cobalt, i-manganese, i-lithium, ebangela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, amanzi, nokunye okunjalo; izinto ze-carbonaceous, i-graphite, njll. ezintweni ezingezinhle, futhi i-graphite noma okunye okunjalo kungabangela ukungcola kothuli; ngaphezu kwalokho, I-electrolyte yebhethri ye-lithium-ion iqukethe ingxenye yamakhemikhali anobuthi, engase futhi ibangele ukungcola kwe-fluorofluid. Ukonga izinsiza: Amabhethri e-lithium-ion aqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto zensimbi, i-nickel, igraphite, njll.

Kusatshalaliswe e-Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, njll. Inzuzo: Ukusetshenziswa kwezitebhisi kanye nokubuyiselwa kwezinsiza zebhethri ye-lithium-ion kusengathengiswa, ngoba eminyakeni yamuva, imboni yezimoto idlulisele ekufakweni kukagesi, futhi isidingo samabhethri e-lithium-ion sinyukile, okuholela emananini aphezulu kakhulu ezinto zensimbi eziyigugu. , Intengo ye-Metal cobalt ngu-600,000 / ton, i-nickel 100,000 / ton, i-carbonate 1.

70,000 / ton, insimbi lithium 900,000 / ton. Isitayela semakethe 1. Ukusekelwa kwenqubomgomo kwashiwo okokuqala ngo-2012, "Uhlelo Lokuthuthukiswa Kwemboni Yezimoto Zokonga Amandla kanye Nezezimoto Ezisha" lwamemezela eMkhandlwini Wezwe, "Izinyathelo Zokulawula Ibhethri ye-Mechanic Lithium Recycling .

"; 2014 IHhovisi loMkhandlu Kazwelonke lamemezela "Isiqondiso sokusheshisa ukukhuthazwa kwezimoto ezintsha zamandla kanye nokusetshenziswa" ucwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinqubomgomo zokugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri e-lithium ashukumisayo; Umnyango Wezezimali ka-2015, UMnyango Wezesayensi Nobuchwepheshe, Umnyango Wezimboni Nobuchwepheshe Bolwazi, Ikhomishini Yezokuthuthukiswa Nezinguquko "ngo-2016-2020 entsha yemoto yamandla ekhanyisa isicelo sokwesekwa kwezimali kwenkampani ye-lithita yashiwo ngaphansi kwesaziso senkampani ye-lithita yezimali ukugaywa kabusha kwebhethri"; 2016, iNational Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Commerce, umemezele uchungechunge lwezinqubomgomo, kuze kube manje Kuze kube manje, kunezinqubomgomo ezingaphezu kuka-20 eziye zatholwa amabhethri e-lithium-ion. NgoNdasa wezi-2018, izinkonzo eziyisikhombisa ngokuhlanganyela zamemezela “Isaziso Somsebenzi Wokuhlola Wokugaywa kabusha Kwebhethri Yamandla Ezimoto Ezisha Yamandla Ezimoto”. Mnumzane, ungafingqa lawa maphuzu amane alandelayo: iminyango kazwelonke kanye namakhomishana amele ukusetshenziswa kwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo sokuqala, bese benza ukubuyiswa kwezinsiza; sebenzisa isibopho somkhiqizi, "Ubani okhiqizwayo, obophezelekile"; sungula ukugaywa kabusha kwebhethri lamandla e-lithium Sebenzisa isistimu ukwenza amaphrojekthi athile wokuhlola, ukusungula inethiwekhi yokutakula kanye nokugadwa kolwazi; Izinkambiso zemboni zihlala zithuthukiswa, futhi izidingo zeziqu zikazwelonke zenkampani ziyacaca kancane kancane.

I-2, ubukhulu bemakethe yebhethri ye-lithium-ion ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu ezinkulu: ibhethri yabathengi: ngebhethri ku-electronics yabathengi njengamafoni omakhalekhukhwini, i-ipad, ama-laptops, ngokuyinhloko isekelwe kumabhethri e-lithium-cobalt ion; amandla amabhethri e-lithium: asetshenzisiwe Ibhethri emotweni entsha yamandla ibalulekile ebhethri lama-yuan amathathu. Imoto yokuhweba ibalulekile ibhethri ye-ion lithium phosphate; ibhethri yokugcina amandla: esetshenziswa esiteshini sokushaja, isiteshi samandla ashisayo, indawo yokugcina amandla entengiso, njll. Ibhethri ye-ion ye-lithium iron phosphate.

Kuyini ukusetshenziswa kweladi? Isibonelo, uma ibhethri lisetshenziswa emotweni entsha yamandla, ibhethri lingamandla angu-100% uma ibhethri selishajwe ngokugcwele. Uma ibhethri lisetshenziswa isikhathi esithile, inani likagesi lizoncipha. Uma ibhethri lehliselwe ku-80%, ngeke likwazi ukusetshenziswa emotweni.

Lokhu kusetshenziswe esigabeni sokuqala; kusuka ebhethri emotweni, ibhethri ingasetshenziswa kusukela ku-80% -20% wesikhathi, njengokufaka isicelo ezimotweni ezinejubane eliphansi, amabhayisikili amathathu kagesi, izithuthuthu zikagesi, indawo yokugcina amandla esiteshini sokushaja. , Isiteshi samandla ashisayo sifinyelela iziqongo zenkundla, i-photovoltaic, njll., ibhethri ingacatshangwa ukuthi iqedele umjikelezo wayo wokuphila, ngalesi sikhathi, ungakwazi ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu ngokusebenzisa umthamo webhethri lonke: imoto, ukusetshenziswa kwezitebhisi, ukugaywa kabusha kwe-scrap. Ngo-2017, umthamo wokukhiqiza nokuthengisa wezimoto ezintsha zamandla ezwe lami wawuzungeze i-800,000, futhi umhlaba wawuyingqikithi yezigidi ezingu-1.3; kulindeleke ukuthi izimoto ezintsha zezwe lami ezikhiqiza amandla zifinyelele ezigidini ezi-3, futhi zifinyelele ezigidini ezi-5.

Ngokusho kwevolumu yokuthengisa yezimoto zamandla amasha, isidingo samabhethri e-lithium-ion ngo-2020 sizofinyelela ku-250GWH, futhi ukuncishiswa kwale ngxenye kuvuselelwa kabusha kancane kancane. Ngokwesilinganiso sesidingo samabhethri e-lithium yamandla emoto entsha eminyakeni yamuva nje, umthamo webhethri webhethri lomgibeli usuka ku-100% uya ku-80%, kanti impilo icishe ibe yiminyaka emi-5. Imoto commercial cishe 3 iminyaka.

imoto yezwe lami entsha yamandla isetshenziswa ngo-2014. Kulesi simo, ngalokhu, ibhethri ye-lithium yamandla izongena esigabeni esikhulu sokuthatha umhlalaphansi, ngamanye amazwi, ngo-2018, iqala ngempela ukwenza ukuvuselelwa kwebhethri ye-lithium-ion kuzongenisa umoya omusha, iphuzu elilandelayo lokukhuphuka. Ngokusho kokulinganisa kwabasebenzi abaphezulu be-lithium kagesi, abathengisi abakhulu, njll.

, I-2018 ilindele umhlalaphansi webhethri we-11GWH, indawo yemakethe ehambisanayo izungeze i-6 billion; Isikhala semakethe sika-2020 siyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-15, sifinyelela ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-40 ngo-2023, kusukela ngo-2018 kuya ku-2023, izinga lokukhula eliyinkimbinkimbi yonyaka lifinyelele ku-50%, futhi ukugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion kungathiwa yisitayela semakethe esilandelayo. Ngokwezibalo, ukubuyiswa kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion ngo-2017 kungamathani angama-80,000, futhi usayizi wemakethe uzungeze i-30-4 billion. Kulokhu amathani angama-80,000, ukuhlakazwa kwebhethri kubala i-95%, futhi akukho ukusetshenziswa komdayisi.

Njengamanje, isizathu seladi sisebenzisa ukukhuthazwa kwemakethe kubalulekile. Amaphuzu alandelayo anamaphuzu alandelayo: inkinga yokuphepha kwezobuchwepheshe onyakeni odlule igqame kakhulu; , Ukulinganisa akuphakeme, kunzima kakhulu ukufanisa umthengisi kunzima; imakethe yokugcina amandla ayinakho ukukhululwa ngobuningi. Umzila Wobuchwepheshe 1.

Amazinga Omsebenzi Izwe lami lidinga izidingo "Zezimo Ezijwayelekile Zokusebenzisa Ibhethri Lemoto Entsha Yamandla Emoto Entsha Yamandla": Ngaphansi kwezimo zokuncibilika okumanzi, ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kokutholwa kwe-nickel-cobalt manganese akukho ngaphansi kuka-98%, nokugaywa kabusha kokuncibilikisa okusekelwe emlilweni Kungekho ngaphansi kuka-97%. Njengamanje, izinkampani ezihamba phambili e-China sezifinyelele izinga. 2.

Ukusebenza kwalawa mabhethri amabili akuhlukile kakhulu. Impilo yomjikelezo we-lithium iron phosphate yinde, futhi ibhethri ingafinyelela izikhathi ezingama-2000-6000 ukusuka ku-100% ukuncishiswa kuya ku-80%. I-CATL yenze lesi silinganiso esishiwo ngenhla, futhi umsebenzi we-lithium iron phosphate ngemva kokuyeka umsebenzi ungasetshenziswa njengeseli yebhethri okungenani iminyaka emi-5.

I-Lithium iron phosphate, uma ichithwa ngokuqondile, i-dismantled recovery, iholo elilinganiselwe, izakhi zayo aziyifanele imali, okuqukethwe kwe-lithium kuncane kakhulu, i-1 ton ye-lithium iron phosphate recycling izinzuzo zezomnotho zizungeze i-10,000, uma isetshenziswa njengemali yokusetshenziswa kwesitebhisi ku-30000-40000 Around, njengoba lezi zici ezimbili ze-lithium zifaneleka ngaphezulu kwe-iron phosphate. 3, ukugeleza kwesitebhisi kuhlukaniswe ngezinyathelo ezintathu: okokuqala ukuhlola ibhethri eligaywe kabusha, bese uthwala intambo yebhethri ngokuhambisana, isinyathelo sesithathu sisetshenziselwa ukuphatha, ukwengezwa kwe-BMS, umthamo wokuklama kanye nomdlalo wamandla. Umthamo webhethri ojwayelekile kanye nezilinganiso zokufanisa amandla ngu-8: 1, isilinganiso sokukhipha ngu-0.

125C. Ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile bokusebenzisa isitebhisi bubili: Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganiswa obuhlukile: Amabhethri ahlukene anobuchwepheshe bephakethe elihlukile, akhipha amabhethri ahlukene ahlukene ngokusho kokusebenza, impilo yemojuli yebhethri; ubuchwepheshe bokulandelela umjikelezo wempilo egcwele: nge-BMS Supply SOC, SOH, izinkomba zobuchwepheshe ze-SOP okufanele ulinganisele. Izidingo zikazwelonke zokwakha izimoto zamandla amasha Ukuqapha kukazwelonke kanye nesitoreji samandla sokugaywa kabusha kwebhethri ukulandeleka okudidiyelwe kokuphatha, amapulatifomu asekelwe ekukhiqizeni ibhethri njengabathwali bolwazi, kuze kube yilapho ukufa kwebhethri kulandeleka futhi namarekhodi edatha omjikelezo wokuphila okugcwele.

4, ukubuyiswa kwezinsiza zokuphila kwe-lithium phosphate kude, kanti impilo yomjikelezo webhethri ye-ternary izungeze izikhathi ezingu-800-2000, ifushane; ukuphepha kwebhethri le-ternary akukuhle, ibhethri ye-iron lithium-ion inhle, indawo yomlilo iphansi ngokuqhathaniswa, ayifanele Insimu esetshenziselwa iziteshi zamandla zokugcina amandla, iziteshi eziyisisekelo zokuxhumana, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, intengo ye-nickel-wateng manganese ebhethrini le-ternary iphakeme kakhulu, noma ngabe ihlakazwe ngokuqondile, imali engenayo nayo inkulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngokuphambene, ibhethri le-ternary lifaneleka kakhulu ukudilizwa ukugaywa kabusha.

Intengo yokuhlakaza ibhethri lama-yuan amathathu ngu-40,000-50,000 yuan/ton. Uma i-nickel-cobalt manganese ehlakaziwe izosetshenziselwa ukwenza isandulela se-ternary material, intengo iphakeme, i-CATL njengesibonelo, intengo yeyunithi ingu-80,000 yuan / ton. Ukubuyiselwa kwensiza kuhlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili: ibhethri eligaywe kabusha licutshungulwa ngaphambili, liyakhishwa, lisusa ukupakishwa kwangaphandle, futhi ukuhlukaniswa okuhlakazwa ngesandla kuyahlukaniswa; bese uyalulama.

Ubuchwepheshe bokubuyisela kabusha bungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: indlela eyomile (umthetho wenyama): Indlela yokuhlunga ngomshini: indlela yomshini yokuhlola ephukile, ukuhlunga okuqondile kwesisombululo esishisayo sokushisa okuphezulu: ukushisa okuphezulu kokushisa, ukwakha isitimu esishisayo esibandayo nendlela eyomile ukulungisa ukushisa: emva kokoma Ukubuyisela kabusha umkhiqizo ongcolile osetshenziswe kabusha ube yindlela emanzi (indlela yamakhemikhali): i-metallurgy emanzi: i-metallurgy emanzi: ukushintshwa kwamakhemikhali okuncibilika: ubuchwepheshe bokubuyisela izinto eziphilayo: Okubalulekile ukuvuza ngama-microorganisms, kusenzima kakhulu ukusho, izinkinga zobuchwepheshe kufanele zephulwe. Njengamanje, embonini, amabhethri e-ternary ngokuvamile asebenzisa indlela emanzi, futhi i-lithium iron phosphate isebenzisa indlela eyomile. Lena futhi indlela enconyiwe.

Ngokuphambene, izindleko zendlela ezimanzi ziphakeme kakhulu, kodwa ukuhlanzeka kwezinto ezitholiwe kuphakeme kakhulu, ngayinye inenzuzo. Imodi yokusebenza 1, US: Isandiso Sesibopho Somkhiqizi + Uhlelo Lwediphozithi Yabathengi Thatha i-TSLA, 2015 TSLA yamemezela i-Powerwall yemakethe yokugcina amandla, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesitebhisi samabhethri e-lithium-ion. 2, Germany: Umkhiqizi uthatha ukuthi umthwalo wemfanelo obalulekile yicala likaBosch.

Ngo-2015, yaqala ukusebenzisa umthengisi webhethri ukuze asebenzise ukugaywa kabusha, futhi izinga lokubuyisela ngo-2018 kulindeleke ukuthi libe ngaphezu kwama-50%. 3, Japan: Legislative + Supporting Battery Production Company Umthetho kusukela ezingeni likazwelonke, exhaswe inkampani yokukhiqiza amabhethri. Thatha iToyota njengesibonelo, iToyota iyimpompi yezimoto ezixubile emhlabeni jikelele.

Iqale ukwenza amabhethri amoshekayo ngo-1998. Ukugaywa kabusha kwayo kuyizinyathelo ezintathu: qala ngokusungula inethiwekhi yokugaywa kabusha, bese uhlola ibhethri eligaywe kabusha. Ukubola nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kwebhethri elilahlekelwa ngokuphelele inani lokuphinda lisetshenziswe.

Ngo-2015, u-Feng Tian wasebenzisa ibhethri likadoti le-Camry Mixed Power Vehicle ezikhungweni ze-Huangshi National Park, futhi waklama kabusha uhlelo lokuphatha amabhethri okugcina amandla. Amabhethri e-Camry angu-208 angagcina amandla kagesi angu-85kWH, futhi andise impilo yebhethri. Kabili.

4. Ukutholwa kwebhethri le-asidi yomthofu Ngo-2016, umkhiqizo wamabhethri e-lead-acid ezweni lami wafinyelela kumathani ayizigidi ezi-4. Inani lomthofu selifinyelele ku-40 billion.

Ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, izinga lokutholwa kwamabhethri e-lead-acid ezweni lami lingafinyelela ku-98%, kodwa izinga langempela lokutakula lingama-30% kuphela, izindaba ezibalulekile akukona ukusungula inethiwekhi enkulu. Uthishanhloko wokugaywa kabusha kufanele asebenzise uhlelo lokunwetshwa lomsebenzi wabakhiqizi, okungukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto, okuphethwe ngamabhethri, inkampani yenkampani yangaphandle egaywa kabusha yezinsiza njengesihloko sokugaywa kabusha, lapho izinkampani ezikhiqiza izimoto ezikhona. Kumodeli yebhizinisi, sungula inethiwekhi yokugaywa kabusha, ukuphatha okukhethekile, kokubili inhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo, okwamanje.

I-logic yokuncintisana yemboni yesikhathi esizayo nayo ibalulekile ukugxila kulawa maphuzu amabili: ukusungula inethiwekhi kazwelonke yokuvuselela kabusha, kunomphumela wesilinganiso, ungahlanjululwa; umkhawulo wobuchwepheshe bokuphumelela. Njengamanje, mancane kakhulu amabhethri asetshenziswa ezitebhisini zezwe lami ngo-2017, futhi indaba ebalulekile ngezomnotho. Ngokusho kwedatha ye-battery alliance, indawo yokugcina amandla yezwe lakithi idonsa amandla okugcina, futhi isiteshi samandla ashisayo sisekelwe ikakhulukazi ebhethri lamalahle aholayo.

Ibhethri ye-ion ye-lithium iron phosphate ayibanga yisizathu esibalulekile somzimba omkhulu weladi. Kuwukubona umfanekiso. , Izindleko zamaseli amalahle omthofu namandla okumpompa zicishe zibe ngu-0.

4 yuan / kWh, futhi ibhethri ye-lithium ion ingu-0.7 yuan / kWh. Ukuthatha i-Qihadian Power Lithium Battery Liyang Project njengesibonelo, imiphumela yokubala ibonisa ukuthi isikhathi sokubuyisela utshalomali esimile sephrojekthi yokugcina amandla cishe iminyaka engu-6.

Uma kufanele wenze imali engenayo, kuyadingeka ukuthi usebenze iminyaka eyi-10, futhi izinga lokubuyisela emuva kwentela liyi-10%. Nakuba umnotho wesitebhisi ungabonakali, ngokuncipha kwezindleko zebhethri, imakethe esetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo izoqhuma kancane kancane. Investment M <000000> A 1, izwe lami i-Tower Tower Company iyinkampani enkulu yenkonzo edidiyelwe yengqalasizinda yezokuxhumana, esungulwe ngokuhlanganyela yizwe lami i-Telecom, izwe lami i-Mobile, izwe lami i-Unicom, iyingxenye ebalulekile yenethiwekhi, ukugcinwa nokusebenza kohlelo lokusabalalisa lwangaphakathi.

Ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari kulo nyaka, izinkampani ezingu-17 ezifana ne-Tower ne-Chongqing Changan, i-BYD, i-Yinlong New Energy, i-Watma, i-Guoxuan High-class, i-Sandon New Energy yaphinde yasetshenziswa kabusha ngokuhlanganyela i-lithium iron phosphate. Njengamanje, kunezifundazwe namadolobha ayi-12 ezweni lonke. Iziteshi eziyisisekelo ezingaphezu kuka-3000.

2, isitimu se-SAIC Ningde siwumpompi wemboni yezimoto, i-CATL ingumholi wemboni yebhethri ye-lithium enamandla, okubili okuholela ekujoyineni ikhadi lezandla amandla e-lithium battery recycling, March 2018 ngokuhlanganyela basayine imemorandamu yokubambisana yamasu. I-CATL iqedele ukutholwa ngo-2013. Umkhakha wamanje webhizinisi lokugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion usungomunye wamabhizinisi amathathu ayisisekelo.

Ngo-2017, ukubuya komkhakha webhizinisi kufinyelele ku-2.5 billion, intengo yeyunithi ingu-80,000 yuan / ton, isilinganiso senzuzo enkulu singama-27%, Ukubalwa kwebhizinisi kufinyelele ku-13%. 3.

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