Olona hlalutyo lubanzi lokusetyenziswa kweleli kunye nokubuyiswa kobutyebi bebhetri ye-lithium

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Ukukhuselwa kwendalo: I-electrode efanelekileyo yebhetri ye-lithium-ion iqulethe izinto ezinzima ezifana ne-nickel, i-cobalt, i-manganese, i-lithium, ebangela ukungcola kwendalo, amanzi, kunye nokunye; izinto zekhabhoni, igraphite, njl. kwizinto ezimbi, kunye negraphite okanye izinto ezinjalo zingabangela ukungcola kothuli; Ukongeza, I-electrolyte yebhetri ye-lithium-ion iqulethe icandelo lekhemikhali eyityhefu, enokubangela ukungcoliseka kwe-fluorofluid. Ukugcinwa kwemithombo: Iibhetri ze-lithium-ion ziqulethe inani elikhulu lezinto zetsimbi, i-nickel, igraphite, njl.

Isasazwe eTibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, njl. I-Advanteji: Ukusetyenziswa kweleli kunye nokubuyiswa kwezixhobo zebhetri ye-lithium-ion kusenokuthengiswa, kuba kwiminyaka yamuva, imboni yemoto idluliselwe kumbane, kwaye imfuno yeebhetri ze-lithium-ion inyukile, ekhokelela kumaxabiso aphezulu kakhulu ezinto ezixabisekileyo zentsimbi. , Ixabiso le-Metal cobalt yi-600,000 / ton, nickel 100,000 / ton, carbonate 1.

70,000 / ton, isinyithi lithium 900,000 / ton. Indlela yokuthengisa 1. Inkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo yaqala ukukhankanywa kwi-2012, i-"Energy Saving and New Energy Automobile Industry Development Plan" yabhengezwa kwiBhunga likaRhulumente, "iMechanic Lithium Battery Recycling Management Measures .

"; 2014 I-Ofisi yeBhunga likaRhulumente wabhengeza "Isikhokelo ukukhawulezisa amandla entsha ukukhuthazwa kwemoto kunye nesicelo" uphando kunye nophuhliso lwemigaqo-nkqubo ngokutsha iibhetri lithium eguquguqukayo; Isebe lezeMali 2015, iSebe lezeNzululwazi kunye neTekhnoloji, iSebe lezoShishino kunye neTekhnoloji yoLwazi, iKomishoni yoPhuhliso kunye noHlengahlengiso kwi "2016-2020 entsha yamandla emoto yokunyusa ibhetri yesicelo senkxaso yemali yemoto kunye neenkampani ezikhankanyiweyo phantsi kwesicelo senkxaso-mali ye-lithita ukuhlaziya ibhetri"; 2016, iKomishoni yoPhuhliso kunye noHlaziyo lweSizwe, iSebe lezoShishino kunye neTeknoloji yoLwazi, iSebe lezeNdalo, iSebe lezoRhwebo, libhengeze uluhlu lwemigaqo-nkqubo, ukuya ngoku Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho imigaqo-nkqubo engaphezu kwe-20 efunyenwe kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion. Ngo-Matshi 2018, amacandelo asixhenxe ngokudibeneyo abhengeze "Isaziso kwi-Pilot Work of New Energy Automobile Power Battery Recycling". Mhlekazi, ungashwankathela la manqaku mane alandelayo: amasebe kazwelonke kunye neekomishoni zithethelela ukusetyenziswa kwenyathelo lokuqala ngenyathelo, emva koko kuqhutywe ukubuyiswa kwezibonelelo; ukuphumeza uxanduva lomlimi, "Ngubani oveliswayo, onoxanduva"; ukuseka ukurisayikilishwa kwamandla ebhetri ye-lithium Sebenzisa inkqubo ukwenza iiprojekthi zolingo, ukuseka inethiwekhi yokubuyisela kunye nolawulo lolwazi; imimiselo yoshishino ihlala iphuculwa, kwaye iimfuno zesiqinisekiso sesizwe kwinkampani zicaca ngokuthe ngcembe.

I-2, ubungakanani bemarike jikelele yebhetri ye-lithium-ion inokwahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo amathathu amakhulu: ibhetri yabathengi: kunye nebhetri kwi-electronics yabathengi njengeefowuni eziphathwayo, ipad, iilaptops, ikakhulu isekelwe kwiibhetri ze-lithium-cobalt ion; iibhetri ze-lithium zamandla: ezisetyenzisiweyo Ibhetri kwimoto yamandla entsha ibalulekile kwibhetri ye-yuan ezintathu. Isithuthi sorhwebo sibalulekile ibhetri ye-ion lithium phosphate; ibhetri yokugcina amandla: esetyenziswa kwisikhululo sokutshaja, isikhululo samandla obushushu, ugcino lwamandla orhwebo, njl. Ngaba ibhetri ye-ion ye-iron phosphate lithium.

Yintoni ukusetyenziswa ileli? Umzekelo, ukuba ibhetri isetyenziswa kwisithuthi samandla esitsha, ibhetri ingamandla ayi-100% xa ibhetri igcwaliswe ngokupheleleyo. Xa ibhetri isetyenziswe ixesha elithile, isixa sombane siya kuncipha. Xa ibhetri ingama-80%, ayinakusetyenziswa emotweni.

Oku kusetyenziswe kwisigaba sokuqala; ukusuka kwibhetri kwimoto, ibhetri ingasetyenziswa ukusuka kwi-80% -20% yekhefu, njengesicelo kwizithuthi ezihamba ngesantya esiphantsi, iitricycle zombane, izithuthuthu zombane, ukugcinwa kwamandla kwisikhululo sokutshaja. , Isikhululo samandla e-Thermal siphezulu kwintsimi, i-photovoltaic, njl., Ibhetri inokuqwalaselwa ukugqiba umjikelezo wobomi bayo, ngeli xesha, unokuphinda usebenzise kwakhona.

Oku kwahlulwe kumacandelo amathathu ngokusebenzisa umthamo webhetri iyonke: imoto, ukusetyenziswa kweleli, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe i-scrap. Kwi-2017, umthamo wemveliso kunye nokuthengiswa kwezithuthi zamandla amatsha elizwe lam zazijikeleze i-800,000, kwaye ihlabathi laliyi-1.3 yezigidi; kulindeleke ukuba izithuthi zamandla amatsha elizwe lam ziya kufikelela kwizigidi ezi-3, kwaye ziya kufikelela kwizigidi ezi-5.

Ngokomthamo wentengiso yezithuthi zamandla amatsha, imfuno yeebhetri ze-lithium-ion ngo-2020 iya kufikelela kwi-250GWH, kwaye ukuthotywa kwale nxalenye kuhlaziywa ngokuthe ngcembe. Ngokomlinganiselo wemfuno yemoto entsha yamandla ebhetri ye-lithium kwiminyaka yakutshanje, umthamo webhetri webhetri yomkhweli usuka kwi-100% ukuya kwi-80%, kwaye ubomi bumalunga neminyaka emi-5. Imoto yorhwebo imalunga neminyaka emi-3.

imoto entsha yamandla yelizwe lam isetyenziswa ngo-2014. Kule meko, ngale nto, ibhetri ye-lithium yamandla iya kungena kwisigaba esikhulu somhlalaphantsi, ngamanye amazwi, ngo-2018, ngokwenene iqala ukwenza ibhetri ye-lithium-ion iya kungenisa umoya omtsha, indawo elandelayo yokunyuka. Ngokoqikelelo lwabasebenzi abaphezulu be-lithium umbane, abathengisi abakhulu, njl.

, I-2018 ilindele i-11GWH ibhetri yomhlalaphantsi, indawo yemarike ehambelanayo ijikeleze i-6 yezigidigidi; Indawo yemarike ye-2020 i-15 yezigidigidi, ifikelela kwi-40 yezigidigidi kwi-2023, ukusuka kwi-2018 ukuya kwi-2023, izinga lokunyuka kwe-complex yonyaka lifikelele kwi-50%, kwaye ukuphinda kusetyenziswe iibhetri ze-lithium-ion kunokuthiwa yindlela elandelayo yokuthengisa. Ngokwezibalo, ukubuyiswa kweebhetri ze-lithium-ion kwi-2017 yi-80,000 yeetoni, kwaye ubungakanani beemarike bujikeleze i-30-4 yezigidigidi. Kule 80,000 yeetoni, i-akhawunti yokuchithwa kwebhetri i-95%, kwaye akukho kusetyenziswa komthengisi.

Okwangoku, isizathu sokuba ileli isebenzisa ukunyuswa kweemarike kubalulekile. La manqaku alandelayo anala manqaku alandelayo: ingxaki yokhuseleko lobugcisa kunyaka odlulileyo ivelele kakhulu; , Umgangatho awuphezulu, kunzima ngakumbi ukufanisa umthengisi kunzima; imarike yokugcina amandla ayinayo ukukhululwa ngobuninzi. Indlela yeTekhnoloji 1.

ImiGangatho yobuGcisa ilizwe lam lifuna iimfuno "zeNkunkuma yeNkunkuma yeBattery yeMoto eNtsha yeeMeko eziQhelekileyo": Phantsi kweemeko zokunyibilika okumanzi, ukusetyenziswa okubanzi kokubuyisela i-nickel-cobalt manganese akukho ngaphantsi kwe-98%, kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe ukunyibilikiswa komlilo okungekho ngaphantsi kwe-97%. Okwangoku, iinkampani eziphambili eTshayina ziye zafikelela kwinqanaba. 2.

Ukusebenza kwezi bhetri zimbini akufani kakhulu. Ubomi bomjikelezo we-lithium iron phosphate bude, kwaye ibhetri inokufikelela kumaxesha angama-2000-6000 ukusuka kwi-100% yokunciphisa ukuya kwi-80%. I-CATL yenze umlinganiselo okhankanywe ngasentla, kwaye umsebenzi we-lithium iron phosphate emva kokuthatha umhlala-phantsi ungasetyenziselwa njengeseli yebhetri ubuncinane iminyaka emi-5.

I-lithium ye-iron phosphate, ukuba ichithwa ngokuthe ngqo, i-dismantled recovery, imivuzo elinganiselweyo, i-lithium umxholo we-lithium incinci kakhulu, i-1 toni ye-lithium ye-iron phosphate yokuhlaziya inzuzo yezoqoqosho ijikeleze i-10,000, ukuba isetyenziswe njengengeniso yokusetyenziswa kweleli kwi-30000-40000 Around, ekubeni le miba emibini ye-iron phosphate ifanelekile. I-3, ukuhamba kweleli kwahlula ngamanyathelo amathathu: okokuqala ukukhangela ibhetri ehlaziyiweyo, emva koko uqhube-kwintambo yebhetri ngokuhambelana, isinyathelo sesithathu sisetyenziselwa ukulawula ulawulo, ukongezwa kwe-BMS, umthamo woyilo kunye nomdlalo wamandla. Umthamo webhetri ngokubanzi kunye nemilinganiselo yokulinganisa amandla yi-8: 1, i-discharge ratio yi-0.

125C. Ubuchwephesha obuphambili bokusetyenziswa kweleli zimbini: Itekhnoloji yokudityaniswa kweDiscrete: Iibhetri ezahlukeneyo zinetekhnoloji yeepakethi ezahlukeneyo, zikhupha iibhetri ezihlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo ngokwentsebenzo, ubomi bemodyuli yebhetri; umjikelo wobomi obugcweleyo ubuchwephesha bokulandela umkhondo: nge-BMS Supply SOC, SOH, SOP izikhombisi zobugcisa ukuqikelela. Iimfuno zeSizwe zokwakha izithuthi zamandla amatsha esweni kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla ebhetri ukuphinda kusetyenziswe iqonga elihlanganisiweyo lolawulo, amaqonga asekelwe kwimveliso yebhetri njengabathwali bolwazi, de kube ukufa kwebhetri kulandeleka kunye neerekhodi zedatha kumjikelo wobomi obupheleleyo.

I-4, ukubuyiswa kobutyebi be-lithium phosphate ubomi bude, ngelixa ubomi bomjikelezo webhetri ye-ternary bujikeleze amaxesha angama-800-2000, bufutshane; ukhuseleko lwebhetri ye-ternary ayilungile, ibhetri ye-lithium-ion yensimbi ilungile, indawo yomlilo iphantsi, ayifanelekanga Intsimi esetyenziselwa izikhululo zamandla zokugcina amandla, izikhululo zesiseko zonxibelelwano, njl. Ukongeza, ixabiso le-nickel-wateng manganese kwibhetri ye-ternary liphezulu kakhulu, nangona lichithwa ngokuthe ngqo, ingeniso nayo ininzi kakhulu. Ke ngoko, ngokuchaseneyo, ibhetri ye-ternary ifaneleke ngakumbi ukudilizwa kuhlaziywa.

Ixabiso le-yuan ezintathu zokuqhawula ibhetri yi-40,000-50,000 yuan / ton. Ukuba i-nickel-cobalt manganese echithwayo iya kusetyenziselwa ukwenza i-precursor ye-ternary material, ixabiso liphezulu, i-CATL njengomzekelo, ixabiso leyunithi yi-80,000 yuan / ton. Ukubuyiswa kobutyebi kuhlukaniswe ngamacandelo amabini: ibhetri ehlaziyiweyo iqhutywe ngaphambili, ikhutshwe, ikhupha ukupakishwa kwangaphandle, kunye nokwahlula ukuchithwa kwesandla kuyahlukana; emva koko uchache.

Itekhnoloji yokuhlaziya iyakwazi ukwahlulwa ngokweendidi ezintathu: indlela eyomileyo (umthetho womzimba): Indlela yokuhlela yomatshini: iindlela zoomatshini zithetha ukuhluzwa kovavanyo, ukulungisa ngokuthe ngqo isisombululo se-thermal sobushushu obuphezulu: ukutshiswa kobushushu obuphezulu, ukwenza umphunga oguquguqukayo obandayo kunye nendlela eyomileyo yokulungisa ubushushu: emva komile Ukubuyisela imveliso ekrwada esetyenzisiweyo kwizinto ezimanzi (indlela yeekhemikhali): isinyithi esimanzi: ukutshintshiselana kweekhemikhali ezinyibilikayo: ukuchithwa kwe-metallurgy emanzi: ukuchithwa kwe-metallurgy emanzi: i-metallurgy emanzi; iteknoloji yokubuyisela i-biological: Kubalulekile ukuvuza kunye ne-microorganisms, kusenzima kakhulu ukuthetha, iingxaki zobugcisa kufuneka ziphulwe. Okwangoku, kwishishini, iibhetri ze-ternary ngokubanzi zisebenzisa indlela emanzi, kwaye i-lithium iron phosphate isebenzisa indlela eyomileyo. Le ikwayindlela ecetyiswayo.

Ngokwahlukileyo, ixabiso lendlela emanzi liphezulu kakhulu, kodwa ukucoceka kwezinto ezifunyenweyo kuphezulu, ngamnye unenzuzo. Imodi yokusebenza i-1, i-US: Ukwandiswa koxanduva loMvelisi + iSistim yeDiphozithi yoMthengi Thatha i-TSLA, i-2015 TSLA ibhengeze i-Powerwall kwimarike yokugcina amandla, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweleli yeebhetri ze-lithium-ion. I-2, eJamani: Umvelisi uthatha ukuba uxanduva olubalulekileyo yimeko yeBosch.

Kwi-2015, yaqala ukusebenzisa umthengisi webhetri ukuba asebenzise ukuphinda asetyenziswe, kwaye izinga lokubuyisela kwi-2018 kulindeleke ukuba libe ngaphezu kwe-50%. I-3, eJapan: Umthetho + Ukuxhasa iNkampani yoMveliso weBattery Umthetho osuka kwinqanaba likazwelonke, uxhaswe kwinkampani yokuvelisa ibhetri. Thatha iToyota njengomzekelo, iToyota yitepu yemoto exubeneyo yehlabathi.

Yaqala ukwenza iibhetri zenkunkuma ngo-1998. Ukurisayikilishwa kwayo ngamanyathelo amathathu: qala ngokuseka inethiwekhi yokurisayikilisha, kwaye emva koko uvavanye ibhetri esetyenzisiweyo. Ukubola kunye nonyango lwekhemikhali yebhetri elahlekelwa ngokupheleleyo lixabiso lokuphinda lisetyenziswe.

Ngo-2015, uFeng Tian wasebenzisa ibhetri yenkunkuma ye-Camry Mixed Power Vehicle kumaziko e-Huangshi National Park, kwaye wayilungisa ngokutsha inkqubo yokulawula ibhetri yokugcina amandla. Iibhetri zeCamry ezingama-208 zinokugcina amandla ombane angama-85kWH, kwaye zandise ubomi bebhetri. Kabini.

4. Ukubuyiswa kwebhetri ye-lead-acid Ngo-2016, imveliso yeebhetri ze-lead-acid kwilizwe lam yafikelela kwi-4 yezigidi zeetoni. Ixabiso lelothe lifikelele kuma-40 eebhiliyoni.

Ngokombono weteknoloji, izinga lokubuyisela ibhetri ye-lead-acid kwilizwe lam linokufikelela kwi-98%, kodwa izinga lokubuyisela liyi-30% kuphela, imiba ebalulekileyo ayiyikuseka inethiwekhi enkulu. Inqununu yokurisayikilisha kufuneka iphumeze inkqubo yolwandiso yoxanduva lwabavelisi, oko kukuthi imveliso yemoto, eyeyebhetri, inkampani yeqela lesithathu yokurisayikilisha njengomxholo wokuhlaziya, apho iinkampani zokuvelisa iimoto zikhoyo. Kwimodeli yeshishini, misela inethiwekhi yokuhlaziya, ukuphatha okukhethekileyo, zombini indibaniselwano ye-organic, okwangoku.

Ingqiqo yokhuphiswano loshishino lwexesha elizayo nayo ibalulekile ukuba kugxininiswe kwezi ngongoma zimbini: ukuseka uthungelwano lokurisayikilisha lukazwelonke, kukho umphumo wesikali, unokuhlanjululwa; inqanaba letekhnoloji yokuphumelela. Okwangoku, zimbalwa kakhulu iibhetri ezisetyenziswa kwiileli zelizwe lam ngo-2017, kwaye umba obalulekileyo luqoqosho. Ngokwedatha yomanyano lwebhetri, indawo yokugcina amandla elizwe lam kukumpompa amandla okugcina, kwaye isikhululo samandla obushushu sisekwe ikakhulu kwibhetri yelahle ekhokelayo.

I-lithium iron phosphate ion ibhetri ayizange ibe sisizathu esibalulekileyo somzimba oyintloko weleli. Kukubona umfanekiso. , Ixabiso leeseli zamalahle elothe kunye namandla okumpompa ajikeleze i-0.

I-4 yuan / kWh, kwaye ibhetri ye-lithium ion yi-0.7 yuan / kWh. Ukuthatha iProjekthi ye-Qihadian Power Lithium Battery Liyang njengomzekelo, iziphumo zokubala zibonisa ukuba ixesha lokubuyisela utyalo-mali olusisigxina lweprojekthi yokugcina amandla malunga ne-6 iminyaka.

Ukuba kufuneka wenze ingeniso, kuyimfuneko ukusebenza iminyaka eyi-10, kwaye izinga lokubuyiswa kwerhafu emva kwe-10%. Nangona uqoqosho lweleli lungabonakali, ngokuhla kweendleko zebhetri, imarike esetyenzisiweyo kwixesha elizayo iya kuqhuma ngokuthe ngcembe. Utyalo-mali M <000000> A 1, ilizwe lam i-Tower Tower Company yinkampani enkulu yenkonzo edibeneyo yeziseko zonxibelelwano, esekelwe ngokudibeneyo lilizwe lam iTelecom, ilizwe lam i-Mobile, ilizwe lam i-Unicom, liyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yothungelwano, ukugcinwa kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo yokusasazwa kwangaphakathi.

Ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari kulo nyaka, iinkampani ze-17 ezifana ne-Tower kunye ne-Chongqing Changan, i-BYD, i-Yinlong New Energy, i-Watma, i-Guoxuan High-class, i-Sandon New Energy yahlanganiswa ngokutsha kwi-lithium iron phosphate. Okwangoku, kukho amaphondo ali-12 kunye nezixeko kwilizwe liphela. Ngaphezu kwe-3000 yezikhululo ezisisiseko.

I-2, i-SAIC Ningde&39;s steam yi-faucet ye-automotive industry, i-CATL yinkokeli ye-lithium yebhetri ye-lithium eguqukayo, ezimbini ezikhokelela ekudibaniseni izandla zamandla ekhadi le-lithium ibhetri yokuphinda isetyenziswe, ngo-Matshi 2018 ngokudibeneyo isayine imemorandam yentsebenziswano yeqhinga. I-CATL igqibile ukuthenga ngo-2013. Icandelo leshishini langoku le-lithium-ion ibhetri yokurisayikilisha iye yaba yenye yamashishini angundoqo amathathu.

Ngo-2017, ukubuyiswa kwecandelo loshishino kufikelele kwi-2.5 yeebhiliyoni, ixabiso leyunithi yi-80,000 yuan / ton, i-gross profit ratio yi-27%, i-Business accounting ifikelele kwi-13%. 3.

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