Amandla okukhathazeka okukhuthazela ebusika lithium ion ibhethri lokushisa eliphansi kanye namandla okuphatha okushisayo makhulu

Автор: Iflowpower – Портативті электр станциясының жеткізушісі

Izimoto ezintsha eziyizigidi zamukela ukuhlolwa kwempilo yasebusika, ukuhlolwa komgwaqo wasebusika kungu-24%. Ngo-2018, izwe laphothula ukuthengiswa kwezimoto zabagibeli zamandla amasha angu-108,000, okukhuphuke ngo-89% unyaka nonyaka; ukuthengiswa kwamayunithi ayi-143,000 kwaqedwa ngoMasingana-Nhlolanja, kwenyuke ngo-134% unyaka nonyaka; kodwa ukuhlolwa kwemigwaqo yasebusika kubonise ukuthi inani leyunifomu nokuqhubeka nokuzulazula kwamamodeli ayi-8 bekungama-24. %, I-Lithium cobalt organte equkethe i-lithium, i-lithium enezinhlangothi ezintathu ne-lithium iron phosphate ayinayo inzuzo ehlukile yokulwa nokushisa okuphansi, izinga lokushisa eliphansi nokuphathwa kokushisa kuzoba kukhulu emandleni emakethe ezayo.

Ukuphathwa kokushisa okuphezulu kunamathiselwe, izinga lokushisa eliphansi kanye nezindlela zobuchwepheshe zokulawula ukushisa ngaphezulu. Ngenxa yezehlakalo zokuvutha okuzenzakalelayo kwebhethri ze-40 zasehlobo, abakhiqizi abaningi sebeqalile ukunaka izinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokulawulwa kokushisa, futhi ukuphathwa kokushisa okuphansi kusalinde ukuthuthukiswa, abakhiqizi abambalwa kuphela abafakwe izinhlelo zokushisa zikagesi zebhethri; Impilo yasebusika iyisipiliyoni somgibeli Esibonisini esiyinhloko, ukusebenza kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi kwebhethri kuwukuncintisana okuyinhloko kwabakhiqizi bamabhethri. Njalo ebusika, ukuphila okuphansi kuzobangela ukuthi abakhiqizi basheshise ukungena kokushisa okuphansi nokulawulwa kokushisa, futhi amandla emakethe makhulu esikhathini esizayo.

Izinga lokushisa eliphansi, ukusabela kwe-electrochemical akusebenzi kuwumthombo oqinile wokunciphisa ugesi wasebusika webhethri. Uma izinga lokushisa le-ambient liphansi kakhulu, i-viscosity ye-electrolyte iqiniswa ngisho nakancane, ukuze ama-deinterlamp e-lithium ion avinjwe, ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity kuyehliswa, namandla ayancipha. Sebenzisa ibhethri ye-lithium ion usebenzisa ibhethri ye-lithium ion, okulula ukubangela umonakalo ongenakulungiseka webhethri, futhi yakhe izingozi ezingaba khona.

Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-NCA, i-lithium iron phosphate, isiqondiso sase-China sokuthuthukisa ibhethri esifiselekayo i-NCM811 ukusebenza kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi kunamandla uma kuqhathaniswa, inkambiso ye-nickel ephezulu isiza ukubambezela amandla aphansi asebusika. R <000000> D Ibhethri lezinga lokushisa eliphansi liyindlela eyisisekelo yokwehla ebusika, ukuphatha okushisayo okusezingeni eliphezulu kuyindlela yamanje yokulawula impilo yasebusika engenzeka. Njengamanje, kukhona ukuguqulwa kwe-electrolyte kanye nebhethri yesimo sezulu sonke ebhethrini eliphansi lokushisa.

I-electrolyte exubile ingahlanganiswa nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinzuzo ze-electrolyte ukuqinisa amabhethri e-lithium-ion, futhi ubuchwepheshe bebhethri besimo sezulu sonke buqashelwa yi-BMW ukuhola imakethe. Ukungena kobuchwepheshe bokulawulwa kokupholisa uketshezi lwamanje kuqhathaniswa nentuthuko enkulu ngonyaka odlule, kungenza izinga lokushisa eliphansi nokulawulwa kokushisa ngokupholisa okuhlanekezelayo, futhi kunamamodeli amaningi emakethe ukufeza umsebenzi wokushisa ophansi. Okokuqala, kungakanani ukukhuthazela kwemoto kagesi ebusika kuncishisiwe? -24% imoto entsha yemoto yamukela ukuhlolwa kwempilo yasebusika, izinga lokushisa eliphansi nokuphathwa kokushisa kungaba.

Ngo-2018, bekunamayunithi ayi-1008,000 unyaka wonke wezimoto zabagibeli ezinamandla amasha, akhuphuke ngama-89% unyaka nonyaka; Ukuthengiswa okungu-143,000 kwaqedwa ngoJanuwari-Februwari, i-134% unyaka nonyaka. Kodwa-ke, imoto yamandla amasha ebusika, ikakhulukazi lapho kunemvula ephezulu, impilo yangempela yemoto kagesi, eseyehlile kakade, okubangele umthelela omkhulu kumsebenzisi. Thatha izimoto ezimbalwa zamandla amasha njengesibonelo.

Okunye ukuhlolwa kwemigwaqo yasebusika kubonisa ukuthi umfaniswano namamayela aqhubekayo okuzulazula alawa mamodeli ehle ngo-24%. I-lithium cobalt organte equkethwe, futhi i-lithium enezinhlangothi ezintathu ne-lithium iron phosphate ayizange ibe nenzuzo ehlukile yokulwa nokushisa okuphansi. Ngenxa yezenzakalo ze-40 zokuzishisa kwebhethri ngonyaka odlule, abakhiqizi abaningi baqale ukukhokha izinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokuphathwa kokushisa, kuyilapho amandla okulawula ukushisa okuphansi okushisa asadingeka, abakhiqizi abambalwa kuphela abafakwe izinhlelo zokushisa zikagesi zamabhethri.

Impilo yasebusika iyinkomba ewumgogodla yesipiliyoni sabagibeli bemoto. Ukusebenza kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi kwebhethri ukuncintisana okuyinhloko kwebhethri. Sikholelwa ukuthi yonke impilo ephansi yasebusika izobangela ukuthi umenzi asheshise ukungena kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi nokulawulwa kokushisa, futhi amandla emakethe yesikhathi esizayo makhulu.

Ukuncipha kokuhlolwa kwebhethri, kuyancipha umthamo otholakalayo webhethri. Thatha i-Panasonic NCR18650A njengesibonelo, umthamo webhethri uzokwehla cishe ngo-20% uma kuqhathaniswa no-25 ¡ã C ekuhlolweni kwebhethri, futhi i-voltage efanayo ingaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elivamile, futhi ibhethri iyahluka. Ibhethri ye-ion ye-lithium phosphate ithathwa njengesibonelo, futhi ukumelana kwangaphakathi kwebhethri izikhathi ezingu-4-5 ku-15 ¡ã C, futhi ukuqhutshwa kwe-electrolyte kunzima.

Ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokushisa ezimotweni zasebusika kwanda. Njengamanje, i-heater ye-PTC iwumthombo wokushisa ofiselekayo wemoto kagesi yokushisa ama-air conditioners, eye yakhuphuka isuka ku-70% yaya ku-98% uma iqhathaniswa namandla okushisa ezintambo zikagesi, kodwa ipeni lamandla aphezulu liguqulwa libe amandla ashisayo aphansi, futhi imfucuza yamandla isenkulu. Ifakwe 2 PTC heater ezifana 5 yokuqala.

5kW ngemuva kwe-ES8. Ukukhuthazela kungaqeda ingxenye eyodwa kuphela. Isilinganiso setiyori sokushisisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla imikhawulo ebucayi.

Thatha ibhethri elingu-35KWH ne-mainstream yamanje njengesibonelo ukuze uthole ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okushisa kanye nekhevu yokuxhumanisa imayela. Ukuqinisekisa izinga lokugcinwa kokubekezelela okungu-75%, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okufudumeza kwangaphakathi nokufana okufanayo kulawulwa ku-1-1.5KW.

Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwe-electrothermal kufika ku-1, futhi ukusebenza kahle kwe-heater ye-PTC kuseduze kakhulu, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuthola indlela efana nokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa okufana ne-heat pump air conditioning. Okwesibili, intengo yokuqala yebhethri ye-lithium-ion ebusika, ukushisa okuphansi kwe-electrochemical reaction akusebenzi, izinga lokushisa eliphansi, ukusabela kwe-electrochemical akusebenzi kuwumthombo oqinile wokuphila kwebhethri ebusika. Ibhethri ye-Lithium ion "ibhethri ye-rocker" evamile, ekhokhiswayo, futhi ama-ion e-lithium angena ku-electrode e-negative esuka ku-electrode enhle ukuze afake i-electrode engalungile, ukuze i-electrode engalungile ibe yisimo se-lithium, isigxobo esihle sibe silungile, futhi i-electrode eyi-carbon negative ithola inkokhiso yesinxephezelo ngokusebenzisa isifunda sangaphandle.

, Buyela emuva lapho ukhipha. Uma izinga lokushisa le-ambient liphansi kakhulu, i-viscosity ye-electrolyte iqiniswa ngisho nakancane, ukuze ama-deinterlamp e-lithium ion avinjwe, ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity kuyehliswa, namandla ayancipha. Ukusebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium-ion emazingeni okushisa aphansi ukuze kubangele umonakalo wamandla ongalungiseki kanye nezingozi ezingaba khona.

I-solubility ye-lithium ion izoncishiswa kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphansi, angafakwa ukuze enze i-lithium crystal graft. Uma isikhule ngokwezinga elithile, ingase ibhoboze i-diaphragm ebangele ukujikeleza kwebhethri okufushane ukwenza izingozi ezingaba khona zokuphepha. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi, izimo eziguquguqukayo ze-electrode zebhethri zimbi, ukujiya okuqinile kwe-electrolyte (SEI) kuzokwanda, kuzoqhubeka nokuvimbela ukugeleza kwe-ion, okuholela ekunciphiseni amandla okusebenzayo.

Ukumelana nokushisa okuphansi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto ezinhle ze-electrode kuhlukile, futhi ibhethri ye-NCM811 iqhwa. Isilinganiso sokugcina umthamo webhethri ku- -20 ¡ã C sinciphile, futhi impahla ye-NCM ifana nempahla ye-NCA, futhi i-NCM811 iphakeme kancane kune-NCA, kodwa kokubili kungcono kunebhethri ye-ion ye-lithium iron phosphate. Ithrendi yamanje yokuthuthukiswa kwebhethri yasekhaya isiza ukubambezela okwenzekayo kwamandla aphansi ebusika, kodwa nokulawula izinga lokushisa eliphansi ukwenza ibhethri libe sebanga elingcono kakhulu.

Okwesithathu, ukuqhubeka kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi, ukulawulwa kokushisa okuphezulu, ucwaningo oluphansi lwebhethri nokuthuthukiswa kuyindlela yokubhekana nokwehla ebusika, futhi kukhona i-electrolyte eguquliwe kanye nebhethri yesimo sezulu sonke ekuqondeni kwesiqondiso, kodwa okwamanje esigabeni sokuhlola. Usawoti we-lithium we-Hybrid, i-solvent kanye nesengezo thola i-electrolyte yokushisa ephezulu nokusebenza okuqinile okubanzi, isifiso sokuthola ibhethri ye-lithium-ion lokushisa eliphansi. I-electrolyte ingenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuphikisweni kwebhethri, futhi isitatimende socwaningo samanje sizoxuba usawoti we-lithium ohlukene, izincibilikisi nezithasiselo.

Hlanganisa imiphumela engcono kakhulu ngesilinganiso esithile. Isibonelo, ku-solvent, i-solvent evamile ye-EC dielectric constant iphakeme, ukwakheka kwefilimu kuhle, kodwa i-solvent ye-PC enephuzu eliphakeme lokuncibilika, i-viscosity enkulu, nendawo yokuncibilika ephansi (-48 ¡ã C) ingavimbela ngokuphumelelayo uhlelo lwe-electrolyte ukuba luqiniswe emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ukulungisa isilinganiso salokhu okubili, ukumelana kwesistimu, ukuthola i-solvent anti-low yenzuzo ehlanganisiwe.

Ibhethri lesimo sezulu sonke inketho yokuzikhethela ebhethrini. Ngo-2016, ithimba laseShayina le-ECPOWER kanye nePennsylvania State University lenze ibhethri ye-lithium-ion engasetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezimo eziphansi zokushisa. Ingakwazi ukufeza ukushisa okuphansi okuzenzakalelayo ngokuklama kwesifunda ekungezeni kwangaphakathi kwe-electrometrium foil, engasetshenziswa phakathi kwemizuzwana engu-25.

Izinga lokushisa kusuka -20 ¡ã C kuya ku-0 ¡ã C futhi ligcina ukuzinza. Leli bhethri lesimo sezulu sonke liyisikwele, futhi izindleko zokwengeza zingaphansi kweyuan engu-1 kilowatworm ngayinye. Isisindo esengeziwe aseqi ku-1.

5%, futhi ukuncishiswa komthamo kokuthi 20 ¡ã C kuwuhhafu kuphela webhethri elivamile. I-BMW imemezela isivumelwano selungelo lobunikazi ne-Ecpower ezinyangeni eziyi-18, okungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi isebenzise ubuchwepheshe ukusebenzisa uhlobo lwemoto kagesi ehlanzekile ye-BMW yesikhathi esizayo. Sikholelwa ukuthi ibhethri yesimo sezulu sonke enomsebenzi wokuzifudumeza ingenye yezinketho zesikhathi esizayo, kodwa ukwethembeka, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okushisa nokulawulwa kwesifunda kusaphathwa.

Ukuphatha okushisayo okusezingeni eliphezulu kuyindlela yamanje yokulawula impilo yasebusika engenzeka. Ukuklanywa kwesistimu yokushisa kwebhethri ekushiseni okuphansi kuyiphrojekthi eyinkimbinkimbi. Uma kuphela ukusuka ku-engeli ephezulu yokugcina, isistimu yokushisisa ibhethri iyisixazululo esilungile sokugcina ibhethri lisezingeni elithile lokushisa, kodwa ukusuka ku-engeli yokuphepha kwebhethri, thatha isistimu yokushisisa ibhethri ngaphansi kuka-0 ¡ã C ukuze ukwandise ukuphila kwebhethri.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushisa kwebhethri kuyadingeka ukuze kugcwaliswe impahla yokushisa ukushisa ephaketheni lebhethri, kodwa lokhu kunesidingo sokuphathwa kokushisa okuphezulu, ngakho-ke ukuklanywa kwesistimu yokuphatha ukushisa kufanele kucabangele izici ezihlukahlukene. Isistimu yokushisisa ibhethri inezindlela ezahlukahlukene, futhi ukubakhona kwesistimu yokushisa okupholisa uketshezi kuphezulu kakhulu. Njengamanje, uhlelo lokushisa kwebhethri lunokushisa kwe-PTC, ukushisa kwefilimu yokushisa kagesi, ukushisa kwesigaba sokushintsha, ukufudumeza okupholisa uketshezi, ukushisa kwamapayipi okushisa, ukushisa kokuxhumana nokunye ukuqaliswa.

Ekupheleni kuka-2017, umsebenzi wokushisa ibhethri wathuthukiswa ohlelweni lwe-OTA. I-patent ibonise amasu ahlukahlukene okushisa, angakwazi ukuphatha ukushisa kwebhethri yesimo sezulu sonke ezimweni ezihlukene zokusebenza, imidiya yokushisa ehlukene, nemithombo yokushisa ehlukene. Kodwa-ke, kusukela kumephu yayo yokudilizwa, iphinde ibe ukusetshenziswa kwe-PTC yokufudumeza okupholisayo, okuyisinqumo samanje esinengqondo kunazo zonke, esingakwazi ukusingatha ukuphikisana kokulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu neliphansi, kuyilapho ukuguqula kulula kakhulu, kuphela ekupholiseni koketshezi lokushisa okuphezulu Umthombo omusha wokushisa ngesisekelo sokuphatha okushisayo.

Amamodeli amaningi anesistimu yokushisa ephansi kanye nokushisa okuphansi, uhlelo lokushisa olubandayo lwebhethri luncoma. Njengamanje, izimoto eziningi zamandla amasha zifakelwe amasistimu okushisa amabhethri, kodwa uhlelo lokushisisa komoya olusekelwe ku-PTC alusebenzi kahle. Ngaphandle kwe-Testra, imodeli yesistimu yokupholisa uketshezi lwemishini ifakwe isistimu yokufudumeza epholile yebhethri, esiphenduke indawo eqinile yokuthengisa umkhiqizo, osekuphenduke indawo eqinile yokuthengisa umkhiqizo.

Thuthukisa, umsebenzi wokushisa wesisombululo sokupholisa uzoqhubeka nokungena. Ama-air conditioner epompo yokushisa angakwazi ukonga amandla ebusika. I-COP yangempela lapho ipompo yokushisa ishisa, ingafinyelela ku-2-4, okungukuthi, ukushisa kokusetshenziswa kwamandla okufanayo izikhathi ezingu-2-4 ze-PTC.

Njengamanje, kube ne-Roewe EI5 ne-MarvelX efakwe i-heat pump air conditioning system ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukushisa okuphezulu okusebenzayo ebusika. Izimoto ezijwayelekile zikagesi ezine-300km charge 35 kW zisetshenziswa njengesibonelo ukubala, i-PTC, i-heat pump air conditioning, kanye nenhlanganisela yezindlela ezimbili ezakhiwe ngokusebenzisa kuphela ama-air conditioner futha okushisa, kuphela u-14% wokusetshenziswa kokushisa kwe-PTC kuphela. Mileage, amandla ukonga umphumela kakhulu.