Ungafinyelela kanjani ukusetshenziswa "kwezinto ezibonakalayo"? Indlela yokulalela ochwepheshe

ଲେଖକ: ଆଇଫ୍ଲୋପାୱାର - អ្នកផ្គត់ផ្គង់ស្ថានីយ៍ថាមពលចល័ត

Okokuqala bheka idatha, ngedatha bona izidingo zemakethe kanye nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe: 1) Ngokusho kwezwe lami I-Automotive Industry Association, ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto ezintsha zamandla ka-2017 kanye nokuthengiswa kufinyelele ezigidini ezingu-7.94, 7.77 million, kwakhuphukela ku-53.

U-8%, 53.3%, ngokulandelana, izimoto ezisebenza ngamandla eNtsha zenza u-2.7% wesamba sezizonke ezidayisiwe.

I-2) Kusukela ekupheleni kuka-2017, ikhuthaze izimoto ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-1.8 zamandla amasha, futhi ibhethri yokugcina amandla cishe i-86.9GWH.

Ngokusho koMnyango Wezimboni Nobuchwepheshe Bolwazi, kulindeleke ukuthi ukuthengiswa kwezimoto ezintsha ezisebenza ngamandla kufinyelele ezigidini ezi-2, kanti izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi ezingenasici zenza u-56%. I-3) Ngokusho kwamandla amasha emoto yabagibeli amandla ebhethri ye-lithium-ion iminyaka engu-5-6, izimoto zezentengiselwano iminyaka engu-2-3, kulindeleke ukuthi ukuvuselelwa kwebhethri ye-lithium-ion yezwe lami cishe ku-10.7 billion yuan ngo-2020, kuhlanganise ne-64 100 million yuan, ukusetshenziswa kokuvuselela cishe 4.

3 billion yuan. Lawa maphuzu amathathu angenhla abone imakethe enkulu yokugaywa kabusha nokugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion ashukumisayo, kodwa izinga lobuchwepheshe liphinde libeke phambili ukuthuthukiswa, "ukugqugquzela ukuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokuthuthukisa imboni yebhethri ye-lithium-ion yemoto", kuya ku-2020, i-lithium entsha I-ion-powered lithium-ion battery monomer ingaphezu kuka-300Wh / kg wamandla. Uhlelo lungaphezu kuka-260Wh/kg kunamandla.

Izindleko zehliswa zibe yi-1 yuan / WH, kanti imvelo -30 ¡ã C kuya ku-55 ¡ã C isetshenziselwa u-2025, i-monomer ingamandla amaningi. 500WH / kg. Ngale datha engenhla, singakwazi futhi ukubona ukuthuthukiswa kwezimoto ezintsha zamandla ukushayela ukuthuthukiswa kwayo yonke ibhethri ye-lithium-ion yamandla e-lithium-ion, ephinde ilethe isidingo semakethe sokusebenzisa ibhethri ye-lithium-ion enamandla.

U-Zhao Jindi, usihlalo we-Battery Industry Association yezwe lami, uthe kukhona okwamanje ekushiseni ngokweqile kokutshalwa kwezimali, ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile buntula ubuhlakani obusha obuzimele, ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwezimoto zamandla amasha, ukuthuthukiswa kochungechunge lwezimboni, ukuphepha kokusetshenziswa kwesitebhisi ukuntuleka kokuphepha, ukukhuphuka kwempahla eluhlaza Uchungechunge lwezindaba ezingokoqobo ezifana nezinzuzo zezindleko. Isifundiswa saseYang Yusheng sifingqa ngokunembe kakhudlwana ezinye izinkinga okufanele zixazululwe, futhi sacela uhulumeni ukuthi ahole, ochwepheshe kanye nokunye ukusebenzelana kwamaqembu amaningi, amabhethri e-lithium-ion amandla abhekene nawo njengamanje: 1) Abaxhasi baphezulu kakhulu ukuthi bangenza izinkampani zezimoto zikagesi zikhohlise iSithasiselo, sithuthukise umkhawulo wokuthola uxhaso, uchungechunge lwezinto ezibonakalayo luyintambo yebhethri; 2) Ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile, okuholela entengo yebhethri ye-lithium-ion, inzuzo ephansi, Isikhathi sokukhiqiza; 3) I-cobalt, izinsiza ze-nickel, intengo ingaphansi kwabantu, kunzima ukusekela izinkulungwane zezidingo zokukhiqiza izimoto zikagesi; I-4) Izibonelelo kanye nama-mileage hook, okwenza kubaluleke kunamandla kunamandla, ibhethri lama-yuan amathathu elihlanganisa 333/523 kuya ku-622/811, i-nickel Okuqukethwe kokuqukethwe kuyancipha ukulahlekelwa ukushisa, ukuphepha kuyehliswa; 5) Isisindo semoto, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwe-air conditioner, ukunciphisa imayela lokushayela, imali yokushaja inqwaba, impilo yebhethri ifushane, ibhethri lesibili kufanele lithengwe; 6) uxhaso wayeka Ngemva kwalokho, kunzima ukuthengisa high. Lezi zinkinga zikhombisa izinselelo zokuthuthukiswa kwemboni.

Njengoba isifundiswa sikaYang sithi lezi zinkinga aziyona into eyodwa, zifuna uhulumeni, inkampani nomphakathi. Ubuchwepheshe bokubuyisela ibhethri basekhaya nabangaphandle buqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe bokubuyisela ibhethri, i-ToxCo yangaphandle, i-Aeatechnology, i-Inmetco, i-Snam, i-Toshiba Terume, i-Sumitomo Metal Mining Company ingabuyisa amabhethri e-lithium-ion, lapho i-ToxCo ingakwazi ukuphatha amamodeli ahlukene, izakhiwo ze-Chemical ezihlukene zamabhethri e-lithium-ion; yasekhaya iqala sekwephuzile, i-Greenmei yamanje, i-Bangu (etholwe yi-Ningde Times) kanye nebhethri elikhulu lokugaywa kabusha lezinkampani ezintathu e-Zhangzhou Hao Peng, elibalelwa ku-90%. Enqubweni yokululama, i-ToxCo isebenzisa inqubo emanzi ukuze iqale icolise umdlavuza ku- -198 ¡ã C liquid nitrogen ku -198 ¡ã C.

Ukwelashwa kokushisa okuphezulu kwe-Inmetco esithandweni sikagesi se-arc, eJalimane ngokuvamile kuhlanganiswe nomlilo kanye nendlela emanzi. Inqubo, ukugeleza kwenqubo "ye-pretreatment-vacuum heat treatment-mechanical treatment-crane-fire-wet method" itholakala ngezigaba ezahlukene zokucubungula; yasekhaya Greenmei, Bangpu ngokuvamile isebenzisa inqubo emanzi, futhi inqubo umlilo Hlanganisa. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngo-2020, imboni izofinyelela ekuhlakazweni kobuchwepheshe ngokwenza okuzenzakalelayo, ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokudilizwa, futhi izuze ngaphezu kwama-85% wokuhlunga kwe-aluminium yethusi, izinga lokutholwa kwe-nickel-wateng manganese elingaphezu kuka-98%, kanye nezinga lokutholwa kwezinsiza ze-lithium ezingaphezu kuka-60%.

, Futhi udabule ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwe-graphite kanye nobuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa izinsiza. Izinkampani ezine ezibalwe etafuleni ezisohlwini lwetafula azizange zifake i-LI yokutakula enkulu, i-Li Recycling Research isencane, ukuntuleka kokuhlaziywa kwemishini, amacala amancane ezimboni; I-Ni ne-CO yokutakula isisekelo se-asidi kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-ejenti; Kunocwaningo oluncane ngokuvuselelwa kabusha kokulungisa izinto. Ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwamakolishi namanyuvesi kusekelwa ubuchwepheshe bokugaywa kabusha, futhi i-academician yase-Yang Yusheng yabonisa ukuthi ukuphepha kuyindaba eyinhloko yokusetshenziswa kwesitebhisi: 1) Ukucabangela iladi usebenzisa izinkinga ekuklanyeni kwephakethe lebhethri - isigaba sokukhiqiza, sebenzisa idatha enkulu ukusungula ukuphathwa okulandelekayo Uhlelo, olubonisa ukuthi impahla ye-electrode kulula ukuhlukanisa; Ukusetshenziswa kosayizi ophezulu, kodwa akukho nzuzo lapho kukhiqizwa kabusha.

Kubuchwepheshe bokuphinda usebenzise kabusha ubuchwepheshe be-Positive Code Materials, uProfesa Wang Dabui, eNyuvesi yaseLanzhou, uthuthukise insimbi yendabuko emanzi, esebenzisa "izinga lokushisa eliphansi eligazingiwe - amanzi ancibilikile - ukukhiqiza kabusha" ubuchwepheshe benqubo emfushane ukwenza lula umzila wenqubo omanzi, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, i-sulfuric acid Ukunciphisa umthamo, ayisasebenzisi i-asidi ye-H20 pollution, ingasasebenzisi i-H200 pollution /thani. Isici se-lithium ezintweni ezinhle ze-electrode ngokuvamile zilulama endaweni yokuqala ye-alkaline, ingxenye yesisombululo iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ukushintshwa kunzima, ngakho-ke ukusebenza kahle kokululama kwe-lithium kuvame ukuphansi kune-nickel-cobalt manganese, umcwaningi we-Sun Wei we-Chinese Academy of Sciences wehliswa yi-organic carbon. I-ejenti, ngokukhetha ibhubhisa i-electrode waste crystal structure, ikhuthaza izakhi ze-lithium ukuvula, ukufeza ukukhishwa okukhethiwe, izinga lokukhishwa kwe-lithium, izinga lokukhipha> 95%.

I-electrolyte incane ebhethrini, kodwa imvelo inkulu kakhulu, futhi uprofesa we-Dai Changsong ophethwe yi-Harbin waveza ukuthi kukhona i-organic solvent PC kanye ne-DEC evaporation ngesikhathi se-electrolyte, kanye ne-HF, i-organophosphate (OPS), iqembu le-alkyl Inkinga yezinhlanganisela ezinobuthi neziyingozi njenge-fluoroplastics, uProfessor weDaily, uqhathanise izinzuzo nezixazululo ze-vacudvantage eyengeziwe indlela, indlela yokukhipha i-CO2 ebaluleke kakhulu, usebenzisa i-CO2 ekhishwe kakhulu, engeza i-methanol, i-ethanol, njll. ohlelweni, njll. "Ingakhuphula kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwe-polar solute.

Enqubweni yokutakula, ukusetshenziswa kwendawo yonke yendlela eyomile nemanzi, kanye nothisha waseNorthern University of Technology wethula inqubo yokuhlehlisa esebenzayo, ngokusebenzisa "isikrini sokudiliza-esihlikihlayo-esihlikihlayo (esihle nesibi)" ukuze kuzuzwe ukugaywa kabusha kwezinto, Kulolu hlelo, i-acidic leaching "mixed-precipitate, imvula", indlela ye-MNdeposition kanye ne-MNdeposition ye-electro-FE yatholwa kusuka ku-electrofes, ne-cupFE. Indlela yasetshenziswa ukuze kuzuzwe i-Ni, i-Li recovery, i-CO yokutakula kuqala nge-oxalic acid, bese ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo kungathola ukusebenza ukuze kuqhathaniswe. Ukukhiqizwa kabusha komkhiqizo wamaminerali; izinga lokuvuza le-nickel-manganese namanye ama-valvue atshalwe yi-Trimang, izinga lokuvuza le-nickel-cobalt manganese, njll. Izinto ezibonakalayo.

Inkampani iye yahlola ubuchwepheshe bokugaywa kabusha, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ukugandaya esitebhisini sebhethri kusetshenziswa iladi lebhethri, ezinye izinkampani ezihloselwe izikhombisi-ndlela zokuthuthukisa ezihlakaniphile, zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, ukunciphisa izindleko nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha ngokusebenzisa ubuhlakani. I-Zhongtiahong lithium esinyathelweni esikhulu sebhethri ye-lithium-ion isetshenziswa ekuqashiseni imodeli yokuthengisa. Inani lomthengisi webhethri ye-lithium-ion imfucuza ibalwa ku-70%, futhi inani lokusetshenziswa okuvuselelekayo liyi-30%, futhi inani lokuvuselela ligxilwe kumabhethri e-ternary, i-phosphoric acid Ukuvuselelwa kwebhethri ye-Lithium-ion iphansi; izinga lokudilizwa kwebhethri ye-lithium ion eliguquguqukayo linzima ukuhambisana nezingxenye, izinto zokwakha, izinqubo zokushisela, izinhlobo zamaseli kagesi, ubuciko be-hydraulic, uchungechunge lwamamojula, izakhiwo ze-chassis, njll.

, izakhiwo, ukwakheka, inqubo Uma kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, bukhulu ubunzima bokudilizwa, bukhulu umonakalo webhethri; I-Zhongtiahong lithium isebenzisa ulayini wokuqaqa ozenzakalelayo ukuze kufinyelelwe ekuhlakazweni kobuhlakani, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlakaza. I-Shenzhen Thai iphinde yasungula imigqa ehlakaniphile yokuhlakaza, yazuza izimoto zamandla ezintsha ezingu-50,000 ezilahliwe, amathani angu-30,000 amabhethri asethathe umhlalaphansi, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwensimbi yemikhiqizo yokugcina amathangi angu-20,000, ehlukanisa amathani angu-15,000 amabhethri alahliwe. I-Shenzhen Xiongao yethula ubuchwepheshe obukhulu bedatha, emkhiqizweni, izindleko, uchungechunge lwezimboni, imakethe engaba khona.

ukuntuleka kwezwe lami kwezinsiza ze-cobalt, ukuthengiswa okubalulekile okuvela eCongo, njll. I-Specialization, i-automation eya esiqondisweni esihlakaniphile, yasungula imboni ehlakaniphile. Inqubo yokumanzisa yendabuko inezinga eliphansi lokutakula (ama-yuan amathathu <50%, iron lithium <30%), environmental pollution (incineration or buried, acid-base dip), can not pass the first, second-line city environmental assessment, long distance transportation cost, phosphoric acid Lithium lithium, lithium manganate is not high, economic efficiency is different, etc.

Ukuze kuxazululwe izithiyo zezinqubo ezimanzi zendabuko, i-Beijing Saidmy yamukela ukunemba kokudilizwa + ubuchwepheshe bokulungisa izinto, hhayi nje ukubuyisela ibhethri le-ternary, kodwa futhi ukubhekana ne-lithium iron phosphate, i-lithium manganate, i-lithium titanate, njll., ukugaywa kabusha kune-Economic enhle; Ubuchwepheshe bokuvuselela kabusha be-Saidmy bubona ukuvaleka okugcwele, ukudilizwa okuzenzakalelayo, okuhlanzekile ngokomzimba, akukho magesi ayingozi, ukuzuza ukubuyiswa okugcwele kwezingxenye zikagesi ze-lithium; ingasetshenziswa ukwakha imboni, ukunciphisa izindleko zokucubungula Izindleko zemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinkampani ziye zacabangela ukucatshangelwa kwazo kwangempela, futhi ziphakamisa ukuhlolwa kwenkomba yezempilo yokuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kwebhethri osekuthathe umhlalaphansi, ekwakhiweni nasekukhiqizeni, ukuqaqa, ukupakisha izinto zokuhamba, ukugcinwa, ukutholwa okusele, ukudilizwa, ukusetshenziswa kwesinyathelo, nokuvuselelwa kabusha kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion.

Thuthukisa amasistimu ahambisanayo ajwayelekile, ucacise izinkampani ezikhiqiza amabhethri, izinkampani ezikhiqiza izimoto, izinkampani ezihlakazwayo ezihlakazwa kabusha ezigaywe kabusha izimoto, ukusetshenziswa kwezitebhisi kanye nezinkampani ezikhiqiza kabusha. Inqubomgomo yemboni iyathuthukiswa kancane kancane. Ukuze kusetshenziswe kabusha, yile mibuzo elandelayo: 1) Kukhona imibuzo elandelayo: 1) Imithetho ekhethekile neziqondiso ukushoda kwesistimu yokugaywa kabusha kwebhethri yokugcina amandla; 2) Uhlelo lokugaywa kabusha kwebhethri lamandla emfucuza alusungulwa kahle; 3) Amazinga enqubomgomo adinga ukuthuthukiswa; I-4) Ukusekelwa okuncane kobuchwepheshe bokuvuselela ibhethri lesitoreji samandla kanye nocwaningo lwemishini; 5) I-Automobile Recycling Decoration Company eseyilahliwe izothuthukiswa ngokushesha; 6) ukuntula isiqondiso kanye nezinkambiso isinyathelo izimboni ukusetshenziswa.

Izindleko zokugaywa kabusha, ukupakishwa, indawo yokugcina impahla, indawo ezungezile, ukudilizwa, ukuhlolwa, kanye nezindleko zangemuva kokuthengisa kufanele zilandele imithetho kazwelonke yokuthutha ukupakishwa kwebhethri kanye nezimfuneko ezijwayelekile, futhi ukuncibilikisa kufanele kulandele izindinganiso zezwe ezivuselelayo zensimbi nezinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi. Isicelo samazinga okuphepha okukhiqiza enkampani encibilikisayo, ukudilizwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubungane bemvelo nokuphepha. Kunqubomgomo yokuvuselela ibhethri ye-lithium-ion esekwe emandleni, uMnyango Wezimboni Nobuchwepheshe Bolwazi umemezele "Izinhlinzeko Zesikhashana Zokuphathwa Kwebhethri Lamandla Amandla Amasha Ezimoto", ibeka leyo mininingwane mayelana nokukhiqiza, ukuthengisa, ukusetshenziswa, ukulahlwa, ukugaywa kabusha, ukusetshenziswa kwamabhethri okugcina amandla Ukutholwa, ukuqaliswa kokuqapha isihloko sesihloko.

Ukukhiqizwa kwebhethri nesitebhisi kuzosebenzisa inkampani, ngokuhambisana "Nesaziso Sesistimu Yokurekhoda Yebhethri Yamandla Asemotweni Evulekile" (Incwadi Yomshini Ophakathi [2018] No. 73), isicelo sekhodi yabakhiqizi kanye nemithetho yokufaka ikhodi yokugcwalisa, ibhethri yokugcina amandla noma iladi elikhiqizwe yinkampani Ukuhlonza Ikhodi Yemikhiqizo Yebhethri. Okungenhla kufingqe inkinga nokuxazulula izinkinga ekubuyiseleni ibhethri ye-lithium-ion eguquguqukayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendilinga, izindaba eziyinhloko zezinyathelo noma ukusetshenziswa kokuvuselela ubuchwepheshe, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nezindaba zezindleko.

Ukubamba imakethe, i-foothold isekubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo, indinganiso, Ukuphumelela ezindabeni ezibalulekile njengezinqubomgomo, bheka, uhulumeni, izinkampani ezikhuphukayo, izinhlangano zezimboni, ukubambisana, ukuhlelwa okujulile kwale mboni. Ukuze sixazulule lezi zinkinga, kufanele siqhubeke nokufunda ucwaningo olunzulu e-indus.