Ukuthuthuka komkhakha wokuthola ibhethri lamandla

ଲେଖକ: ଆଇଫ୍ଲୋପାୱାର - Onye na-ebubata ọdụ ọkụ nwere ike ibugharị

Ibhethri lamandla emoto entsha yamanje ibhethri ye-lithium. Umjikelezo wempilo wamabhethri wamandla uhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa, ukusetshenziswa, ukulahlwa, ukubola, nokusetshenziswa kabusha. Ibhethri lamandla alinalo ushintsho ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali ebhethri ngaphezu kokuncipha komsebenzi wamakhemikhali ngemva kokubikwa kwalo, kodwa ukusebenza kwalo nokushajwa kwalo akukwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla emoto.

Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezibonakalayo zebhethri lamandla ngokwalo azikho izinguquko ezibalulekile. Ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukene, ukugaywa kabusha kwebhethri lamandla wamanje kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwe-cascade kanye nokusetshenziswa kokuvuselela insiza. Ngokwesilinganiso, amandla ebhethri ye-lithium eguquguqukayo akhuphuka esuka ku-5.

I-6GWH ngo-2018 yaya ku-47.3GWH ngo-2022, ngezinga lokukhula eliyinhlanganisela yonyaka elingaphezu kuka-70%, futhi inani elihambisanayo lokubuyisela lisuka kumayuan ayizigidi ezingu-580 ngo-2018 ukuya kuma-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7.86 ngo-2022.

Izinga lokukhula kwenhlanganisela yonyaka lidlula ama-90%. Njengamanje, izidingo eziphuthumayo zezwe lami ukwakha ibhethri ye-lithium eguquguqukayo "ukukhiqiza-ukuthengisa-ukusebenzisa-ukusetshenziswa kabusha" uchungechunge lwezimboni ezivaliwe, ziqaphela ngempela ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kwamandla kagesi we-lithium. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwemboni yezimoto zamandla amasha, umthamo wonyaka ofakiwe webhethri yamandla omusha ukhuphuke ukusuka ku-0.

66GWH ngo-2012 kuya cishe ku-57GWH ngo-2018, umthamo ofakiwe webhethri lamandla udlula u-100GWH. Isidingo sezinto ezinhle zebhethri lamandla siyaqhubeka nokukhuphuka, i-nickel yayo eluhlaza, i-cobalt, intengo ye-lithium iyaqhubeka nokukhuphuka; ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani elikhulu lebhethri lamandla lizokwehla kancane kancane kusukela ku-2018, uma lingalungile, uma lingalungile, izingxenye ezihlukahlukene ebhethri zizoba Ukungcola okukhulu kubangelwa imvelo; Ngaphansi kwe-multi-driver yemboni engenhla, ingcindezi yemvelo kanye nokukhuthazwa kwenqubomgomo, ukubaluleka nokuphuthuma kokuvuselelwa kwebhethri ye-lithium kuya ngokuya kugqama.

Eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, imboni izokwethula intuthuko enesivinini esikhulu. Ithuba lokutshala izimali i-lithium-electric recycling industry lisesezigabeni zokuqala zentuthuko, nakuba iqoqo lokuqala ngaphambili, usayizi owodwa awumkhulu, ukugxilwa kwemboni kuphansi, uhlelo oluzinzile lokugaywa kabusha alukakapheleli. Uma sibheke phambili ekusaseni, utshalomali lweJiuding lukholelwa ukuthi uhlelo lokugaywa kabusha kuphela oluphelele, ikhwalithi yekhasimende, amandla aqinile wezezimali, izindinganiso ezinobungani bemvelo, kanye nesakhiwo sangaphambilini, izimfanelo zenkinga kusengaphambili zingagqama endaweni yemakethe yesidingo semboni kanye nemvelo yemakethe eya ngokuya iqina, futhi ekugcineni ikhule njengeChina.

Ibhizinisi elihamba phambili emkhakheni wokugaywa kabusha kukagesi we-lithium. Usayizi waleli phepha usebenzisa i-caliber ene-caliber yamandla ebhethri ye-lithium, kanye nesivuno nokuthunyelwa kwebhethri yamandla e-lithium. Ngokuvamile, ukukhishwa kwebhethri ye-lithium yamandla kukhulu kunenani lokuthunyelwa.

1. Ithagethi Yemboni (1) Umqondo Oyisisekelo Wamanje Ibhethri Yamandla Entsha Yamandla Entsha Eyinhloko Yebhethri Le-lithium. Ibhethri ye-lithium ingahlukaniswa: i-lithium cobalt acid lithium cell, ibhethri ye-lithium manganate, ibhethri ye-lithium iron phosphate, ibhethri ye-lithium enezinhlangothi ezintathu (lithium nickel-cobalt-oxanate), njll.

I-ternary material ngokuvamile ibhekisela ohlotsheni lwamakhemikhali oluzoba i-LiniaXBcoCOCO2, lapho u-x engu-Mn (manganese) ebhekisela ku-NCM (lithium nickel-cobalt-nickelite), kanti u-X uthi i-Al (aluminium) ibhekisela ku-NCA (lithium nickellate acid). Amamodeli afana no-532, 622 kanye no-811 abhekisela esilinganisweni sezinombolo ezintathu zika-A, B, C ezintweni ze-NCM, njengokuthi 622 abhekisela ku-Li0.6Mn0 ngokuqondile.

2CO0.2O2. Umjikelezo wempilo wamabhethri wamandla uhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa, ukusetshenziswa, ukulahlwa, ukubola, nokusetshenziswa kabusha.

Ibhethri lamandla alinalo ushintsho ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali ebhethri ngaphezu kokuncipha komsebenzi wamakhemikhali ngemva kokubikwa kwalo, kodwa ukusebenza kwalo nokushajwa kwalo akukwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla emoto. Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezibonakalayo zebhethri lamandla ngokwalo azikho izinguquko ezibalulekile. Ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukene, ukugaywa kabusha kwebhethri lamandla wamanje kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwe-cascade kanye nokusetshenziswa kokuvuselela insiza.

(2) Uchungechunge lwezimboni lukhombisa ukuphakama kwemboni yokutholwa kwe-lithium-electric ukukhiqiza amabhethri alahlwayo nezinto zawo, okuhlanganisa amabhizinisi okukhiqiza kanye nabasebenzisi bezinto zabo, izinto zebhethri, amaphakethe ebhethri, abaqhubi bezimoto zamandla amasha kanye nabasebenzisi bokugcina; i-middle-efinyelela inethiwekhi yokutakula ibhethri ye-lithium, ukugaywa kabusha nokuvuselela Sebenzisa amabhizinisi, amabhizinisi asebenzisa isitebhisi; i-downstream ingumkhiqizi webhethri ye-lithium kanye nabasebenzisi bebhethri yekhasethi. Amabhethri amasha agelezele kubasebenzisi bezimoto, abasebenzisi bezimoto, nabasebenzisi bezimoto bashintsha amabhethri amasha ngokusebenzisa izitolo zesevisi yangemuva kokuthengisa kanye nezinkampani eziqashisa ngamabhethri, kuyilapho kuqoqwa amabhethri emfucuza ngezitolo ezidayiswa ngemva kokuthengisa, amabhizinisi aqashisa ngamabhethri , Ukudluliselwa kudoti wokuvuselela ibhethri nokusetshenziswa kwamabhizinisi noma iladi, ibhethri eligeleza eliya esitebhisini libuyiselwa esitebhisini ekugcineni lihlehliswe kabusha. Ngokwenza kabusha nokusebenzisa amabhizinisi ukukhiqiza izinto zokukhiqiza kabusha, ukuqhubeka nokugeleza kumkhiqizi webhethri nokwenza amabhethri amasha, ukugeleza kuyo yonke imoto, yakha "ukukhiqiza-ukuthengisa-ukusebenzisa-ukusebenzisa kabusha" iluphu evaliwe ephelele.

1) Ukusebenzisa iladi kuyindlela yokuvuselela amandla empilo yebhethri ye-lithium. Ngokuvamile, lapho amandla ebhethri ye-lithium yemoto entsha yamandla encishisiwe cishe ku-80%, ibhethri alihlangabezani nesidingo samandla liyaqedwa, kodwa ibhethri lisatholakala ezimbonini ezifana nokugcinwa kwamandla, okungafakwa esiteshini se-telecom iron tower base kanye nezinye izindawo. , Isiteshi sokugcina amandla okuhlala ezentengiselwano kanye nesiteshi sokushaja imoto kagesi, njll.

Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-lithium iron phosphate, impilo yebhethri ye-lithium ye-ternary imfushane, futhi ingozi yokuphepha iphezulu, futhi indawo yokusebenzisa iladi ayifaneleki ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Njengamanje, ibhodlela elivimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwemakethe lifake ikakhulukazi amabhethri asewathatha umhlalaphansi futhi linezindleko eziphezulu, futhi ukungaguquguquki kokusebenza kunzima ukukuqinisekisa. Umgoqo wezobuchwepheshe weladi uphakeme, futhi ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile buhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa obuhlukene kanye namasu asele okubikezela ukuphila.

Iphuzu eliyisihluthulelo lesibikezelo sempilo esisele ukuthi ukuqapha okugcwele komjikelezo wempilo, okungukuthi, ukusungulwa kwesiteji esikhulu sohlelo lokulandelelwa kwedatha lokuhlaziywa kwesistimu yebhethri esele umhlalaphansi, Ungakwazi yini ukufaka idatha enkulu yemakethe yokusetshenziswa kwezitebhisi. Uma kubhekwa izizathu zobukhulu obuhlukahlukene njengobuchwepheshe, izindleko, iledi yesikhashana isetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa ukuthengisa okukhulu, futhi iladi alisetshenziswa njengengxoxo eyinhloko yalesi sihloko. 2) Ukuthola kabusha izinsiza ukuphula, ukuhlakaza kanye nokuncibilikisa ibhethri lamandla elichithiwe, ukubona ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-nickel, i-cobalt, i-manganese, i-lithium nezinye izinsiza.

Ngokuthola kabusha izinsiza, i-nickel, i-cobalt, i-manganese ingafinyelela ngaphezu kwe-95%, futhi izakhi ze-lithium zingakwazi ukuzuza ukusetshenziswa kabusha okungaphezu kuka-70% (abathengisi ngabanye bangafinyelela ku-90%), izinzuzo zezomnotho zibalulekile. Ukukhishwa kwe-nickel, i-cobalt, i-manganese kanye nosawoti we-lithium kungasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izanduleli ezinamalungu amathathu kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo ze-electrode, futhi kusetshenziselwa futhi ukwakhiwa kwamaseli ebhethri ye-lithium. (3) Isimo Sezimboni 1) Isimo semboni yokugaywa kabusha kwebhethri ye-lithium singaphambi kuka-2014.

Ibhethri ye-lithium isetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-electronics abathengi afana nomakhalekhukhwini, ama-laptops. Ngenxa yobukhulu obuncane, ukwakheka kanye nezingxenye ezilula, ukusabalalisa kunzima, futhi ukugaywa kabusha kwayo Ngaphezu kwe-nickel yendabuko ye-hydrogen, amabhizinisi e-nickel-cadmium okubuyisela ibhethri. Ngemuva kuka-2014, umthamo wokukhiqiza nokuthengisa wezimoto ezintsha zamandla ukhule kakhulu, futhi ibhethri lamandla seliphenduke umkhiqizo ophakeme kakhulu ngokulingana nokusetshenziswa kwamabhethri e-lithium ngo-2016.

Kulindeleke ukuthi iqhubeke nokugcina amathrendi okuthuthukisa isivinini esikhulu. Umzimba oyinhloko wemakethe yebhethri ye-lithium, inani lebhethri le-lithium elihlotshaniswa ne-electron yomthengi lizoncipha libe yisilinganiso esiphansi. Ngenxa yomehluko kumzila wezobuchwepheshe kanye nezimo zohlelo lokusebenza, isilinganiso sempilo yebhethri yamandla yiminyaka engu-3-5.

Njengamanje, isanda kungena esigabeni esikhulu sezilahliwe, ngakho-ke imakethe yezwe lami yokugaywa kabusha kwebhethri ye-lithium isanda kuqala. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemakethe ye-lithium-e-electric recycling e-China kusesezinsukwini zakuqala, akukavuthwa, akumisiwe. Amabhizinisi endabuko okubuyisela ibhethri ye-nickel-hydrogen kanye namabhizinisi ensimbi emanzi aphinda agaywe kabusha ayahola ekuhlelweni, esebenzisa inethiwekhi eseyakhiwe kabusha yokugaywa kabusha kanye neminyaka eminingi yokunqwabelana kobuchwepheshe, ethatha izindawo ezithandwa kakhulu yimakethe, anqamule ngokushesha endaweni yokugaywa kabusha kukagesi we-lithium.

Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yenani elilinganiselwe lamandla, uhlelo lokugaywa kabusha alukakapheleli, amabhizinisi angenhla akhe ngokuyinhloko ubudlelwano bokubambisana obunamasu nabakhiqizi bezinto ezibonakalayo abanezinhlangothi ezintathu ezansi nomfula, abakhiqizi bebhethri le-lithium bamandla, nefektri yezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nemfucuza yebhethri yasefekthri. Umthombo, isiqinisekiso sokugaywa kabusha kokuhlinzekwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuyona into engasho lutho.

Kunenani elikhulu lokugaywa kabusha kwama-workshop amancane. Imishini yokucubungula ingemuva, azikho iziqu ezifanele, izingozi zokuphepha nezindaba zemvelo zibucayi, namashaneli okugaywa kabusha axhunyiwe. Lolu hlobo lweshabhu encane luvame ukushaya isibhengezo sokugaywa kabusha, futhi kuyibhizinisi "ibhethri kulula ukulivuselela, ukulithengisa", ngokugaywa kabusha okunentengo ephezulu kwezinto ezingavuthiwe zebhethri, okuphazamisa kakhulu ukuhleleka okuvamile kwemakethe yebhethri yamandla, ukumpintsha indawo enenzuzo yokuvuselela kabusha yezinkampani ezintathu.

Njengamanje, ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezinkampani zangaphandle kanye nabakhiqizi bebhethri yamandla asekhaya baye baqaphela indawo enkulu yemakethe yezimboni zesikhathi esizayo ze-lithium-electric recovery. Izibalo zokuqala zabasebenzi abaphezulu be-lithium kagesi, okwamanje emkhakheni wezinkampani zokugaywa kabusha kwebhethri, izinkampani ezingaphezu kuka-30, ikakhulukazi ezihlanganisa i-Greenmei, i-Huayou Cobalt, i-Bangu Group, i-Zhangzhou Haopeng, i-Jinyuan New Materials, i-Xien Technology, i-Fangyuan Environmental Protection, i-Dry Thai Technology, i-Sand Group, i-China Aviation Aviation, i-Lithium Xithium, i-Said Aviation, i-Lithium, i-China Aviation, i-Lithium Xithium Amasheya, Taili, Dongpeng New Materials, Guanghua Technology, Zhongtiahong Lithium, Siflower Circulation, Yancheng Star Chuang, Jia Neglon energy namanye amabhizinisi. Izibalo ezimahhadlahhadla, ngayinye enikeziwe ukwakhiwa lithium battery amandla kabusha iye yaba ephakeme kakhulu kuka okulindelekile scrap yonyaka; abangaphakathi embonini bazwakalise okusha noma ukwandiswa kwamaphrojekthi angaphezu kwama-60 ngo-2019.

Kungabonakala ukuthi imakethe ye-lithium-electric recovery market ishisa ngokushesha, kodwa iwubuhlanya besakhiwo esiyimpumputhe, futhi izochaza nezinsuku zokuqala zemboni kulo mkhakha. Esikhathini esizayo, amazinga embonini, ukuncintisana kuyaqedwa, futhi imakethe izohamba kancane kancane ekuvuthweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhiqizi webhethri lamandla njengohlelo lwesibopho lwezidingo ezicacile zenqubomgomo, kanye nefekthri yezimoto zamandla entsha njengebhizinisi elixhuma ngokuqondile imakethe yetheminali, ukuze kusheshiswe isakhiwo, noma bathole ngokuqondile ukugaywa kabusha okuphrofeshinali okuvela eceleni, bethuthukisa uchungechunge lwezimboni zabo; noma usayine isivumelwano sokubambisana sohlelo ukuze kwakhiwe inethiwekhi yokugaywa kabusha.

2) Umzila wobuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa kabusha izinsiza ngenxa yesidingo semakethe yebhethri lamandla, ukugaywa kabusha kwensiza nokugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri alahlwayo kungadambisa ngempumelelo ukushoda kwensimbi njenge-cobalt, i-lithium, nokunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza ibhethri lamandla. Ukubuyiselwa kwezinsiza zamabhethri e-lithium ashukumisayo kudoti ikakhulukazi kugxilwe ekukhishweni kwezinto ezibonakalayo ze-electrode, inqubo eyinhloko yile: (1) ukukhishwa okuphelele; (2) ukuqaqa, ukuhlukanisa i-electrode enhle, i-electrode engalungile, i-electrolyte ne-diaphragm, njll. Ingxenye; (3) ukukhishwa kwe-electrode esebenzayo, ukucwiliswa kwe-asidi, i-inductance; (4) ukukhipha inani elicebile.

Ukutholwa kwebhethri ye-lithium kungahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu ngokuya ngenqubo yokukhipha: ukugaywa kabusha okumanzi, ukugaywa kabusha okomile kanye nokutholwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Inqubo yokumanzisa inkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa iyinqubo yamanje yokutakula evamile yenani lokutholwa kwensimbi, futhi ingasetshenziswa enqubweni yokutakula evamile; indlela eyomile kulula ukubangela ukungcoliswa kwesibili kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla, ngokuvamile esetshenziswa njengensimbi kabusha Isiteji sokuqala, ngenqubo emanzi isekelwa; umthetho webhayoloji unezindleko eziphansi, ukungcola okuncane, ungasetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe, futhi isikhathi eside, uyindlela ekahle yokuthola ibhethri, kodwa usezigabeni ezingu-R <000000> D, alikho icala lesicelo sezentengiso. (4) Eminyakeni yamuva, izinkonzo kazwelonke kanye namakhomishana bekusezingeni lenqubomgomo, kusukela emandleni abuthakathaka, kancane kancane alinganisa futhi athuthukise imakethe yokugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri e-lithium, futhi aqoqwe kuzinqubomgomo nemithethonqubo ehlobene nokugaywa kabusha kwebhethri ye-lithium.

Ngokuhlunga, sithole ukuthi inqubomgomo yamanje igxile kulokhu okulandelayo: (1) Ukusebenzisa ukukhiqizwa kwesistimu yokwandisa enesibopho. Umnyango Kazwelonke Wezimboni Nobuchwepheshe Bolwazi kanye neKhomishini Yentuthuko Nezinguquko, "Inqubomgomo Kagesi Yebhethri Yebhethri Yamandla Kagesi" (2016), "Uhlelo Lokwelulwa Kwesibopho Somkhiqizi" olukhishwe yiHhovisi loMkhandlu Kazwelonke (2017), olukhomba ngokucacile ekuthuthukisweni kwezinkampani zezimoto Emkhakheni omkhulu wemfanelo wokukhiqiza, ukusetshenziswa, ukugaywa kabusha kwemikhiqizo yamandla kagesi kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwezimoto zebhethri. uhlelo lokuzibophezela kwesevisi yangemuva kokuthengisa (okuhlanganisa ukugaywa kabusha kwebhethri), sebenzisa amandla emoto entsha ye-lithium yokulawula ukulandeleka kwebhethri yolwazi, irekhodi lokulandela i-Dynamic lithium battery recycling. (2) Sungula uhlelo lokugaywa kabusha kwebhethri lamandla anomsindo ukuze ukhuthaze amaphrojekthi okubonisa.

Ekuqaleni kukaFebruwari 2017, uMnyango Wezimboni Nobuchwepheshe Bolwazi, Umnyango Wezohwebo, kanye Nomnyango Wezohwebo ngokuhlanganyela bakhiphe "Imibono Eqondisayo Ekusheshiseni Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezinsiza Ezivuselelekayo". Kuhlongozwa ngokucacile: I-1 igxile ekuthuthukisweni kwezimoto zamandla amasha njengeBeijing-Tianjin-Hebei, i-Yangtze River Delta, i-Pearl River Delta, Isekela ukusungulwa komfaniswano oqinile, imodi yokuvuselela ukonga, nokwenza izicelo zokubonisa; 2 Izimoto zikagesi kanye nabakhiqizi bamabhethri anamandla kufanele babe nesibopho sokusungula amanethiwekhi okugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri, besebenzisa inethiwekhi yesevisi yangemuva kokuthengisa ukuvuselela amabhethri alahlwayo, izibalo kanye nokukhishwa kolwazi lokugaywa kabusha, ukuze kuqinisekiswe Ukucaciswa kwebhethri okulahlwayo nokulahlwa kokuphepha; Izinkampani zezimoto ezi-3 kufanele zisebenzise ukuphathwa kolwazi lokulandeleka kwebhethri, zilandelele amandla okugaywa kabusha kwebhethri. (3) Ukuqinisa ukugadwa kwemboni kwamabhizinisi ezimboni.

NgoSepthemba 2018, uMnyango Wezimboni Nobuchwepheshe Bolwazi ukhiphe Uhlu Lwebhizinisi "I-New Energy Automobile Waste Battery Comprehensive Utilization Industry Standard Condition" (Iqoqo Lokuqala), ibhizinisi lokugaywa kabusha kwebhethri lamandla kufanele libe nezidingo ezicacile. 2. Ukuhlaziywa Kwemakethe (1) Izici Zokushayela 1) Ukubaluleka Kwendawo Enkulu I-Lithium Imfucuza Ibhethri Ukugaywa kabusha kunokubaluleka okukhulu kwemvelo.

Lapho udoti webhethri we-lithium ingena emvelweni, ama-ion ensimbi afana ne-nickel / cobalt / manganese ku-electrode material positive, isisekelo esiqinile nama-ion ensimbi esindayo ku-electrolyte angabangela ukungcoliswa kwensimbi esindayo noma ukungcola okuphilayo, futhi ekugcineni ngokusebenzisa iketango lokudla Faka abantu nezilwane, kuthinte kakhulu izinga lemvelo kanye nempilo yabantu. 2) Isidingo sebhethri lamandla sikunqubomgomo entsha ehlobene nemoto yamandla, futhi lonke uchungechunge lwezimboni lungena esikhathini sokuthuthukiswa kwesivinini esikhulu. Izinhloso zokuhlela zezwe lami ziye zahlongozwa ukuthi ngo-2020, ukuthengiswa kwezimoto ezintsha zamandla kufinyelele ezigidini ezi-2, futhi izimoto ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-5 ziqinisekisiwe.

Ngo-2018, imoto entsha yamandla inamayunithi angu-12.7 million unyaka wonke, kanti idayiswe ezigidini ezingu-12.56, uma kuqhathaniswa no-2017 elinganiselwa ku-60%.

Ngokukhiqizwa kwemoto yamandla amasha, umthamo wokukhiqiza nokuthengisa uphezulu, futhi imboni yebhethri ye-lithium yamandla inokukhula okuqhumayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inzuzo yebhethri ye-lithium enezinhlangothi ezintathu kuqhathaniswa nebhethri ye-lithium iron phosphate, eyanelisa izidingo eziqinile zokuxhaswa kwebhethri yamandla entsha yezwe. Ngakho-ke, ibhethri ye-lithium emithathu-yuan izokhula ngokushesha endaweni yebhethri yamandla, i-2018 Inani lebhethri ye-lithium enezinhlangothi ezintathu cishe i-78% yawo wonke umthamo ofakiwe, futhi i-akhawunti ye-lithium iron phosphate i-19%.

3) Ukunciphisa ngokuphumelelayo ukungezwani kwempahla eluhlaza ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwezimoto ezintsha zamandla, isidingo samabhethri e-lithium amathathu siyaqhubeka sikhula, isidingo sezinto zokusetshenziswa ezifana ne-nickel, i-cobalt, i-manganese, ne-lithium siphuthuma kakhulu, okuholela ngokuqondile ekwenyukeni okubukhali kwentengo yezinto zokusetshenziswa ezihlobene, 2014 Intengo yeyunithi ye-nickel kanye ne-electro-grade ye-carbonate kanye nenani le-nickel ye-cobalt ye-electro-grade kanye nenani leyunithi ye-nickel kanye ne-electro-grade 2 i-manganese ikhuphuke kakhulu esikhathini esifushane. Imithombo yomhlaba wonke ye-nickel ne-manganese inothile, izindawo ezisekelwe ezimayini ze-nickel zezwe lami cishe ziyizigidi ezingu-2.9, zikleliswe endaweni yesishiyagalombili; isisekelo se-manganese ore yezwe lami sigcine amathani ayizigidi ezingama-40, sikleliswe endaweni yesithupha emhlabeni.

Sekukonke, izwe lami lingakwazi ukubona ibhalansi yokunikezwa kanye nesidingo se-nickel ne-manganese. Izinqolobane zomhlaba wonke ze-cobalt zingamathani ayizigidi ezingu-7, ukusatshalaliswa kwezindawo kungalingani kakhulu, ikakhulukazi eCongo (Jin), e-Australia, eCuba, ePhilippines, eCanada, eRussia nakwamanye amazwe, isamba sezinqolobane ezintathu eziphezulu zenza ama-70% omhlaba. Izizinda zezwe lami ezisekelwe ku-cobalt zingamathani angama-80,000, ngokuyisisekelo zihambisana nezimayini ezihambisanayo, ubunzima bezimayini, ngakho-ke izinsiza ze-cobalt zezwe lami zinzima, zithembele kwamanye amazwe kufika ku-90%.

Izinqolobane zezwe lami ze-lithium zingamathani ayizigidi ezingu-5.8, zikleliswe endaweni yesithathu emhlabeni, kodwa izimayini zensiza zinzima, ikakhulukazi ezisakazwa eSichuan, eQinghai naseTibet, imvelo yemvelo ibuthakathaka futhi umthamo wokuthutha ulinganiselwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimayini ezinkulu ngesikhathi esifushane kufushane. Amathuba aphansi kakhulu, ukukhiqiza okungowakho kungahlangabezana nokwanda kwesidingo sebhethri lamandla asekhaya.

Njengamanje, kukhona i-70% yesidingo se-lithium. Ngokuthola i-lithium-electric recovery, intengo yensimbi ku-positive electrode material yamabhethri e-ternary asetshenziselwe umhlalaphansi ingasetshenziswa futhi ekwenzeni i-electrode material enezinhlangothi ezintathu, futhi yanelise kancane ikusasa lokukhiqiza ibhethri lamandla, ukunciphisa ukuthembela kokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe, ukusiza amabhizinisi ukulawula izindleko zezinto zokusetshenziswa. ukubaluleka kwamasu kanye nezinzuzo zezomnotho. (2) Isilinganiso sosayizi wemakethe 1) Izinto ezisebenza kahle ze-electrode ezitholwe amandla emakethe yemithombo yebhethri ye-lithium ikakhulukazi zifaka i-lithium iron phosphate nama-yuan amathathu lithium.

Ngokusho kwemingcele ejwayelekile kanye namafomula amakhemikhali e-lithium iron phosphate kanye ne-lithium emithathu, kuhlanganiswe nentengo yeyunithi yemakethe ye-lithium yakamuva ye-nickel-cobalt-manganese, inani lokuthola kabusha lebhethri le-lithium ngalinye lamandla e-GWH liyalinganiswa, kanye nethebula elilandelayo: Ngokwalesi silinganiso, yonke i-GWH I-atrophiophosphate positive material Theory ibiza cishe izigidi eziyi-100 zamayuyu. Ngenxa yomehluko ezingxenyeni ezithile, inani lokutholwa kwethiyori lika-NCM333 kuya ku-NCM811 liphakathi kwamayuan ayizigidi ezingama-330 kuya kumayuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.9 (idatha enemininingwane bheka ithebula).

Ngokusho kwemoto yamandla entsha phakathi nonyaka kanye nomthamo webhethri wamamodeli ahlukene, umthamo ofakiwe webhethri ye-lithium uyabikezelwa: Ngokusho kwesibikezelo esingenhla, amandla ebhethri ye-lithium afakiwe akhuphuka ukusuka ku-47.4GWH billion ngo-2018 kuya ku-166.6GWH ngo-2022, izinga lokukhula eliyinhlanganisela yonyaka.

Ngaphezu kwama-30%. Ulwazi olubanzi lwemboni, senza lokhu okuqagela okuyisisekelo okulandelayo: (1) NgokoHlelo Lweminyaka Eyi-13 Lweminyaka Emihlanu, ukuphuma kwemoto yamandla entsha kudinga ukufinyelela ezigidini ezimbili; (2) Uma kubhekwa amandla aphansi e-lithium iron phosphate, kulindeleke ukuthi afakwe Isamba sehla unyaka nonyaka, sinciphisa i-5GWH ngo-2020 futhi sigcine izithasiselo zebhethri ze-yuan ezintathu ze-lithium; (3) Esikhathini esifushane, i-523 ingamandla amakhulu ebhethri ye-lithium emithathu-yuan, umenzi webhethri womugqa wokuqala uqala ukukhiqiza ngobuningi 622 no-811, Kulindeleke ukuthi i-622 ingumkhiqizo wenguquko. Ngemuva kuka-2018, ama-333 anyamalala ngokuphelele; (4) Ezindaweni ezihlukene zohlelo lokusebenza, impilo yebhethri ye-lithium yamandla ngokuvamile iyiminyaka engu-3-5, futhi impilo yalesi silinganiso iminyaka engu-4; (5) Ibhethri ye-lithium yamandla angu-80% we-N-4s kanye no-N-3%.

Ngokusekelwe kulesi sisekelo esingenhla, usayizi wemakethe wensiza yebhethri ye-lithium yenziwa ngale ndlela elandelayo: Ngokwesilinganiso esingenhla, amandla ebhethri ye-lithium yamandla akhuphuka esuka ku-5.6GWH ngo-2018 aya ku-47.3GWH ngo-2022, ngezinga lokukhula eliyinhlanganisela yonyaka elingaphezu kwama-70%.

Inani elihambisanayo lokubuyisela lisuka kuma-yuan ayizigidi ezingama-580 ngo-2018 laya kuma-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-7.86 ngo-2022, ngezinga lokukhula eliyinhlanganisela yonyaka elingaphezu kwama-90%. 2) Ibhethri yedijithali ye-3C yosayizi wemakethe yebhethri yedijithali igxile kakhulu kuma-smartphone, amaphilisi, amakhompyutha aphathekayo, amakhamera namathuluzi kagesi, njll.

Ngakho-ke, ukubala kusekelwe ikakhulukazi ekuthunyelweni kwemikhiqizo enjalo yedijithali, kanye nesilinganiso sokuqukethwe kwebhethri yebhethri yedijithali. Ngokwalokhu kudalulwa, ibhethri yedijithali yamanje ikakhulukazi isebenzisa ibhethri ye-lithium cobaltate, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukubala kusekelwe kakhulu kufomula yamangqamuzana, umthamo othize, ukuminyana kwangempela kwekhono le-lithium cobalt, ibala ukutholwa kwebhethri yedijithali engu-3C. Ngalesi silinganiso, isikali sokuthola kabusha insiza samabhethri edijithali singakhula sisuka koku-2.

83 billion ngo-2018 kuya ku-3.66 billion yuan ngo-2022, ngesilinganiso sokukhula esiyinhlanganisela esingaba ngu-7%. 3.

Ababambiqhaza Abayinhloko (1) Isakhiwo Esisebenzayo Somkhiqizi Webhethri Lamandla Ngaphansi kokukhuthazwa kwezinqubomgomo nezimakethe, umkhiqizi webhethri lamandla njengomzimba oyinhloko wesistimu yesibopho somkhiqizi, ubambe iqhaza emkhakheni wokutholwa kwebhethri le-lithium, imodeli yayo yokuphinda igaywe kanye nabahlanganyeli abayinhloko bami kanje: (2) Isisebenzi sebhethri yenkampani yangaphandle sidinga inethiwekhi yebhizinisi lesithathu enobuchwepheshe nokwandisa ibhizinisi lebhizinisi lesithathu. amabhizinisi okugaywa kabusha, futhi igxilisa ibhethri ye-lithium eguquguqukayo. Imodeli yayo yokugaywa kabusha kanye nabahlanganyeli abakhulu bami kanje: 4. Ithrendi yokuthuthukiswa kwemboni nolwazi lwezimpawu zebhizinisi ezingase zibe khona Inyukile, ingxenye yebhethri ye-lithium enezinhlangothi ezintathu ilokhu ikhula, futhi ukucindezela kwezindleko kunenzuzo enkulu yezomnotho kanye nokubaluleka kokugaywa kabusha kwezinsiza ekubalulekeni okuvamile komnotho kanye nokugaywa kabusha kwezinsiza.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlelo lokubophezeleka kokukhiqiza ludinga abakhiqizi bebhethri bamandla ukuthi basungule uhlelo olusebenzayo futhi olunobungani bemvelo, ukuze ukubuyiswa kukagesi we-lithium kufanele futhi kuyimpoqo. Njengoba iqoqo lokuqala lamandla e-lithium amabhethri selithathe umhlalaphansi, inani lebhethri le-lithium eselathatha umhlalaphansi lizobonisa ukukhula okusheshayo eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lingumkhiqizi webhethri we-lithium onamandla noma ukugaywa kabusha kweqembu lesithathu, futhi ngisho nezinye izinkampani zemvelo zizovula ithuba elikhulu lokuthuthukiswa. Esikhathini esizayo sembonini ye-lithium-electric recycling yesikhathi esizayo, bonke abahlanganyeli abafisa ukungena embonini yokubuyisela i-lithium-electric bazobhekana nezithiyo zezimboni ezilandelayo: izici ezibanzi, siyahlulela, ikusasa lingaqhuma ngokushesha futhi liqhudelane endaweni yemakethe esikhathini esizayo.

Amabhizinisi agaya kabusha i-lithium-electric anempahla, kufanele abe nalezi zimpawu ezilandelayo: 1) Inethiwekhi yokugaya kabusha iphelele. Kunoma iyiphi inkampani egaya kabusha izinsiza, ukugaywa kabusha kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo kuhlala kuyisisindo, kuqinisekisa kuphela inani elanele nezindleko zokuthenga eziphusile ukuze kuqinisekiswe inzuzo yezinkampani ezigaya kabusha. Kulesi sigaba, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha okuphrofeshinali okuvela eceleni akunamandla eziteshini zokuphinda zigaywe kabusha kwebhethri, futhi inani elikhulu lezinto zokusetshenziswa zivela kudoti esekhoneni lomkhiqizi kanye nokululama komuntu ngamunye, amandla okuxoxisana abuthakathaka, futhi ikusasa ohlelweni lokugaywa kabusha lingelokuqala ukwenza inzuzo yangempela yokuncintisana.

Amandla okukhula amakhulu. 2) Amakhasimende amahle. Ngenxa yokuzimisela okuyisisekelo kwabakhiqizi bebhethri ye-lithium yamandla akhuphukayo, abakhiqizi bebhethri le-lithium bangabahlinzeki bempahla eluhlaza bamabhethri e-lithium namabhizinisi agaywa kabusha, futhi basebenzisana okuhle kuphela nabakhiqizi abakhulu bamandla ebhethri le-lithium.

Izinsiza zebhethri ziphezulu. Izidingo zokusebenza zingaqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa okuhle kwamabhizinisi okugaywa kabusha kwebhethri ye-lithium. 3) Amandla ezezimali aqinile.

Njengamanje, imboni yokugaywa kabusha kwezinsiza ngokuvamile yamukelwa ukuthengiswa kwemali ekutholweni kwempahla yokusetshenziswa, futhi izinkampani zibhekana nengcindezi enkulu yemali, futhi ukheshi olwanele luyisisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwamabhizinisi. 4) Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo. Inqubomgomo yokuvikelwa kwemvelo iya ngokuya iqinile, futhi imboni ye-lithium-ec-recovery yohlaza oluyinhloko oluhambisana nemvelo ivumelana nemvelo.

Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukubuyiswa kwezinsiza ngokuvamile kubhekana nezinsiza zokulahlwa ngenani elithile, izwe lami linezinkampani ezithile ezingenangqondo e-China ezisekelwe ekuzuzeni, zisebenzisa indlela engekho emthethweni yokubhekana nemithombo yokulahlwa, kodwa futhi, imvelo iyingozi kakhulu, futhi isikhathi eside sincike kumgomo ngeke uphumelele. 5) isakhiwo kusengaphambili. Nakuba ibhethri yemfucuza ingazange ifakwe ngokusemthethweni ohlwini oluyingozi, imboni iye yaxoxwa ngayo, ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo ze-ion zensimbi ezisindayo ebhethri ye-lithium, kulindeleke ukuthi ifakwe esikhathini esizayo kubantu abayingozi.

Ucwaningo lwemboni olubalulekile.