Indlela yokwelula impilo nokuthembeka kwebhethri yemoto?

ଲେଖକ: ଆଇଫ୍ଲୋପାୱାର - Umhlinzeki Wesiteshi Samandla Esiphathekayo

Njalo ukwehluleka kwezimoto ezinhlanu kungenye yamabhethri. Ngokuzayo, ngokuthandwa okwandayo kobuchwepheshe bezimoto njengokudluliswa kukagesi, ukwethulwa / ukuphathwa kwe-flameout injini kanye ne-hybrid (ugesi / igesi), le nkinga izoba mbi kakhulu. Indlela yokwelula impilo nokuthembeka kwebhethri yemoto? Wonke amaphutha ezimoto ezinhlanu adalwa ibhethri.

Ngokuzayo, ngokuthandwa okwandayo kobuchwepheshe bezimoto njengokudluliswa kukagesi, ukwethulwa / ukuphathwa kwe-flameout injini kanye ne-hybrid (ugesi / igesi), le nkinga izoba mbi kakhulu. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukwehluleka, i-voltage, yamanje, kanye nezinga lokushisa kwebhethri kuhlolwa ngokunembile, futhi imiphumela ixazululwa kusengaphambili, kubalwa isimo sokushaja nesimo sokusebenza, futhi imiphumela ithunyelwa kuyunithi yokulawula injini (ECU), kanye nomsebenzi wokushaja wokulawula. Izimoto zesimanje zazalwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.

Imoto yokuqala incike ekuqaliseni okwenziwa ngesandla. Inamandla kakhulu, kunengozi enkulu, futhi lokhu kugoqa kwesandla semoto kubangele ukufa okuningi. Ngo-1902, i-motor yokuqala yokuqala yebhethri yathuthukiswa ngempumelelo.

Ngo-1920, zonke izimoto seziqalisiwe. Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala ibhethri elomile. Uma amandla kagesi ephelile, awashintshwa.

Ngokushesha, ibhethri eliwuketshezi (okungukuthi ibhethri le-asidi yomthofu) lasendulo lithatha indawo yebhethri elomile. Ubuhle bebhethri le-asidi yomthofu ukushaja kusukela kokuphakathi uma injini isebenza. Ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, cishe alukho ushintsho kumabhethri e-lead-acid, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kokugcina okubalulekile ukuwuvala.

Ushintsho lwangempela luyizidingo zalo. Ekuqaleni, ibhethri isetshenziswa kuphela ukuqalisa imoto, uphondo namandla supply isibani. Namuhla, zonke izinhlelo zikagesi zemoto kufanele zinikwe amandla ngaphambi kokushisa.

Ukwanda kwemishini emisha kagesi akuzona nje izidlali ze-GPS ne-DVD nezinye izinto zikagesi ezithengwayo. Namuhla, iyunithi yokulawula injini (ECU), iwindi lemoto kagesi kanye nesihlalo sikagesi, kanye nedivayisi kagesi yomzimba njengesihlalo sikagesi isiphenduke ukumiswa okujwayelekile kwamamodeli amaningi ayisisekelo. Umthwalo omusha ezingeni le-exponential uye wazalwa ngokujulile, futhi ukwehluleka okubangelwa uhlelo lukagesi kukhula ubufakazi.

Ngokwezibalo ze-ADAC kanye ne-RAC, cishe u-36% wokuhluleka kwemoto kungabangelwa ukwehluleka kukagesi. Uma inombolo ibolile, kungatholakala ukuthi ngaphezu kwe-50% yephutha ibangelwa izingxenye zebhethri le-lead-acid. Ukuhlolwa kwempilo yebhethri Izici ezilandelayo ezibalulekile zingabonisa impilo yebhethri le-asidi yomthofu: (1) Isimo sokushaja (i-SOC): I-SOC ikhombisa ukuthi yimalini engalethwa, umthamo olinganiselwe webhethri (i.

e., ukumelwa kwephesenti lebhethri elisha le-SOC). (2) Isimo sokusebenza (SOH): I-SOH ibonisa ukuthi ingakanani imali engagcinwa.

Inkomba yesimo sokushaja singcono kunegeji yebhethri. Kunezindlela eziningi zokubala i-SOC, ezimbili zazo ezinezimbili: indlela yokulinganisa i-voltage yesekethe evulekile kanye ne-Coulomb assay (eyaziwa nangokuthi ukubala kwe-Coulomb). (1) Indlela yokulinganisa i-voltage yesekethe evulekile (VOC): Ubudlelwano obufinyeziwe phakathi kwevolthi yesekethe evulekile nesimo sayo sokushaja ngesikhathi sokungenabhethri.

Le ndlela yokubala inemikhawulo emibili eyisisekelo: eyodwa iwukubala i-SOC, ibhethri ayivuliwe, futhi umthwalo awuxhunyiwe) Okwesibili, lesi silinganiso sinembile kuphela ngemva kokuzinza okukhulu. Le mikhawulo yenza indlela ye-VOC ibale i-SOC yokubala ku-inthanethi. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa esitolo sokukhanda izimoto, lapho kukhishwa khona ibhethri, futhi umthamo we-voltage phakathi kwezigxobo zikagesi ezinhle nezingezinhle ungalinganiswa.

(2) I-Coulomb assay: Le ndlela isebenzisa i-Coulomb Count ukuze ithathe yamanje kumaphoyinti esikhathi, ngaleyo ndlela inqume i-SOC. Ngale ndlela, ungakwazi ukubala i-SOC ngesikhathi sangempela, ngisho noma ibhethri lingaphansi kwezimo zokulayisha. Nokho, iphutha lokulinganisa i-coulomb lizokhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa ngokugcwele ukusebenzisa amandla kagesi wesekethe evulekile nokubala kwe-coulomb ukuze kubalwe isimo sokushaja sebhethri. Isimo sokusebenza sesimo sokusebenza sibonisa isimo esijwayelekile sebhethri, kanye nekhono layo lokugcina ishaji uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri amasha. Ngenxa yemvelo yebhethri ngokwayo, i-SOH computing iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, incike ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali nendawo yebhethri.

I-SOH yebhethri ithintwa izinto eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukwamukela ukushaja, i-impedance yangaphakathi, i-voltage, ukuzikhipha kanye nezinga lokushisa. Lezi zici ngokuvamile zibhekwa njengezinzima ukukala lezi zici endaweni yesikhathi sangempela endaweni yezimoto. Esigabeni sokuqalisa (ukuqala kwenjini), ibhethri ingaphansi komthwalo omkhulu, ngalesi sikhathi, ibhethri libonisa kakhulu i-SOH yebhethri.

Bosch, Hella, njll. Izibalo zangempela ze-SOC ne-SOH empeleni ezisetshenziswa abathuthukisi benzwa yebhethri lemoto abahamba phambili ziyimfihlo kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile zivikelwe ukuvikelwa kwelungelo lobunikazi. Njengomnikazi wendawo yobuhlakani bengqondo, ngokuvamile basebenzisa eduze ne-VARTA kanye ne-MOLL ukuze bathuthukise lawa ma-algorithms.

Lo mjikelezo ungahlukaniswa ube izingxenye ezintathu: (1) amandla omthamo webhethri okuhlola ibhethri ukuze kuvivinywe isibambisi esibambayo esihlukaniswa ngokuqondile ne-electrode ephozithivu yebhethri. Okwesikhathi samanje sokuhlola, faka i-resistor yokuhlola (i-12V ivamise ukusebenzisa u-100M) phakathi kwe-electrode eyinegethivu nomhlabathi. Kulokhu kucushwa, i-chassis yensimbi yemoto ngokuvamile, futhi i-resistor yokuhlola ifakwe kumjikelezo wamanje webhethri.

Kokunye ukucushwa, i-electrode engemihle yebhethri iyi-. Mayelana nokubala kwe-SOH, hhayi ukuhlola izinga lokushisa lebhethri. (2) I-Microcontroller microcontroller noma i-MCU ebalulekile yokuqedela imisebenzi emibili.

Umsebenzi wokuqala ukuxazulula umphumela we-analog to digital converter (ADC). Lo msebenzi ungase ube lula, njengokuhlunga okuyisisekelo kuphela), ungase futhi ube yinkimbinkimbi, njengokubala i-SOC ne-SOH. Umsebenzi wangempela uncike ekuxazululeni kwe-MCU kanye nezidingo zama-automaker.

Umsebenzi wesibili ukuthumela idatha exazululiwe nge-interface yokuxhumana ku-ECU. (3) Isixhumi Esibonakalayo Sokuxhumana Njengamanje, inethiwekhi yendawo yokuxhumana (i-Lin) iyindawo yokuxhumana evamile phakathi kwezinzwa zebhethri nama-ECU. I-Lin iwumugqa owodwa, enye indlela enezindleko eziphansi kunephrothokholi eyaziwa kabanzi ye-CAN.

Lokhu ukucushwa okulula kokuhlolwa kwebhethri. Nokho, ama-algorithms amaningi okuhlola ibhethri anembayo adinga kokubili amandla ebhethri kanye nelamanje, noma nge-voltage yebhethri, yamanje kanye nezinga lokushisa. Ukuze wenze amasampula avumelanayo, kufanele ungeze iziguquli ze-analog eziya kwezidijithali.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ADC kanye ne-MCUs zilungisa ukunikezwa kwamandla ukuze kusebenze ngendlela efanele, okubangela ubunzima besekethe entsha. Lokhu kucutshungulwe ngumkhiqizi we-transceiver we-LIN ngokuhlanganisa ukunikezwa kwamandla. Ukuthuthukiswa okulandelayo kokuhlolwa kwebhethri ngokunemba kwezimoto kuhlanganiswe ne-ADC, i-MCU nama-transceivers e-Lin, njenge-ADI&39;s AduC703X Series Precision Simulation Microcontrollers.

I-AduC703X inikezela ngama-8kSP amabili noma amathathu, i-16-bit (Sigma) - (Delta) ADC, i-20.48MHzarm7TDMIMCU, kanye ne-transceiver ehlanganisiwe ye-Linv2.0.

Uchungechunge lwe-ADUC703X luhlanganiswe nesilungisi somehluko wengcindezi ephansi, esinganikwa amandla ngamabhethri e-lead-acid. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokuhlolwa kwebhethri lezimoto, isiphetho sangaphambili sihlanganisa idivayisi elandelayo: isibambisi sevoltheji sokuqapha amandla kagesi ebhethri) Isikhulisi senzuzo esihlelekayo, lapho sisetshenziswa nesimelaphi esingu-100m, sisekela umthamo wamanje wesilinganiso esigcwele esingu-1A ngaphansi kuka-1500A) Ukunqwabelana Sekela ukubala kwe-coulomb ngaphandle kokuqapha kwesofthiwe) kanye nenzwa eyodwa yokushisa. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, izimoto eziphezulu kuphela zazifakwe izinzwa zebhethri.

Namuhla, kunezimoto eziningi ezimaphakathi nezisezingeni eliphansi ezifakwe emishinini emincane kagesi, futhi ingabonakala kuphela kumamodeli asezingeni eliphezulu eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Inani lamaphutha abangelwa amabhethri e-lead-acid ngakho-ke lengezwa njalo. Ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, imoto ngayinye izofaka inzwa yebhethri, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise ingozi yokwandisa ingozi yokwehluleka.