Academician weOuyang Minggao: Zvitatu Zvimiro uye Ina Kudzora Nzira dzeBattery Heat Output.

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Academician weChinese Academy yeSainzi, Purofesa Ouyang Minggao, Tsinghua University, nyika yangu. Kuchengetedzeka kwebhatiri kune kukosha kwekushandisa kwakakosha mukufambisa uye kufamba kwemazuva ano, kunyanya mukuchengetedzeka kwesimba, zvakare kutariswa kwepasirese. Dhipatimendi reUS reMagetsi (DOE) neGerman Science Institute (BMBF) nedzimwe nyanzvi dzine mukurumbira pasi rose vakatanga musangano wepasi rose wekuchengetedza bhatiri (IBSW), uye wakaenderera mberi muna 2015 muMunich University kuGermany, 2017 muSandia National Experiment muUnited States.

Kamuri, yakabudirira kubata yekutanga neyechipiri yepasi rose kuchengetedza bhatiri masemina (IBSW). Musi wa7 Gumiguru, 2019, iyo 3rd International Battery Safety Semina yakaitirwa muBeijing. The General Assembly inotambirwa neTsinghua University Battery Safety Laboratory, dingindira remusangano uyu "yakachengeteka yakakwirira-kupfuura-yakanyanya-yakanyanya bhatiri yemotokari dzemagetsi".

Pamusangano uyu, mudzidzi weChinese Academy yeScience, Muzvinafundo Ouyang Minggao, Tsinghua University, akaburitsa hurukuro yakakosha, akaunza "Safety Research yeTsinghua University Motor Lithium Battery". Zviri mukati zvakarongeka, sezvinotevera: madzimai, majaya, munhu wose akanaka! Ini ndinobva kuTsinghua University. Chekutanga, tinosuma yedu Tsinghua University itsva simba simba hurongwa tsvakurudzo boka.

Kubva 2001, isu kubvira 2001 ndiyo yakakosha yekutsvagisa nekusimudzira timu yemotokari nyowani dzemagetsi, uye iri zvakare timu inotungamira muChina neUnited States. Chikwata chedu chakakosha pakutsvaga kwakati wandei, kusanganisira simba lithium mabhatiri, mafuta emagetsi mabhatiri uye hybrid simba. Panyaya yesimba lithium bhatiri, isu takakosha kuita chengetedzo; isu zvakakosha kuita kusimba mumafuta emagetsi mabhatiri; maererano nehybrid, isu takakosha kuita emission control yemukati combustion injini.

Saka aya ndiwo mapoinzi edu matatu akakosha. Nhasi ndakupa sumo yakakosha kune yedu tsvagiridzo mhedzisiro muchengetedzo. Tsinghua University Battery Safety Lab inowanikwa muna 2009.

Chinangwa ndechekuita kuchengetedza kwebhatiri. Kunyanya, thermal yebhatiri haichadzoreki. Pano ini ndinosuma isu kune kufambira mberi kwekutsvagisa mukupisa kunze kwekutonga.

Munhu wose anonzwisisa kuti kuchengeteka ndiro dambudziko rekutarisa pamotokari yemagetsi, uye kune zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokonzera njodzi dzekuchengetedza. Kana iyo yekupisa isingachadzoreki yaiswa mubhatiri, iyo yese bhatiri system inopararira, uye pakupedzisira njodzi inoumbwa. Ava ndevamwe vatinoshanda navo mukuchengetedzeka kwebhatiri, kusanganisira vagadziri vemotokari vakakosha uye vagadziri vakakosha mabhatiri, pamwe nevagadziri vakakosha vemotokari uye vagadziri vakakosha mabhatiri muChina, uye isu tinopawo marezinesi ezvivakwa zvehungwaru, makambani epamba neekunze, nezvimwe.

Iyi ndiyo rabhoritari yedu yekuchengetedza bhatiri. Nezuro, vatori vechikamu vazhinji vakashanyira rabhoritari yedu. Gamuchirai munhu wese kushanyira uye kuchinjana.

Pane dzakatevedzana dzenzira dzekuyedza mumarabhoritari edu ekuchengetedza bhatiri, inova yakasarudzika yekupisa-yekudzora kuyedza neARC kupisa-kunze kwekutonga. Isu tiri chikamu chepasirese cheARC kuyedza pamabhatiri emagetsi e-lithium makuru. Pashure penhamba huru yezvidzidzo zvekuyedza, takapfupisa maitiro matatu ebhatiri kupisa kunze-kwekudzora, kuzvidzora kupisa kwekutanga tembiricha T1, kupisa kwekunze kwekudzora kukonzeresa T2, kupisa kunze-kwekudzora tembiricha yepamusoro T3, takaitawo yakawanda yemhando yesimba re lithium bhatiri bvunzo, Mukuwirirana nemutemo uyu.

Iyo T2 ndiyo inonyanya kukosha, chii chinobata T1 chinonyanya kujeka, kazhinji firimu reSEI rinotanga, T3 inobva pane yese reaction enthalpy, T2 haina kunyatsojeka, asi ndiyo inonyanya kukosha, nei kune kunonoka kukwira Kupisa kunongoerekana kwakonzera kupisa kunopinza, uye chiyero chekusimudza chinogona kusvika 1000 degrees pasekondi kana kupfuura, iyo ndiyo kiyi yechikonzero chekupisa. Naizvozvo, kuburikidza nekuongorora kweT2, pane zvikonzero zvitatu zvakakosha. Yekutanga yakanyatsojeka, iri mukati mapfupi dunhu.

Iyo inozopedzisira yakabatana neiyo diaphragm, iyo ipfupi-inotenderera. Kune zvakare ichangobva kurambidzwa yakanaka inoburitsa okisijeni, iyo lithium lithium, inopfupisa muganho wakanaka weokisijeni, iyo isina kunaka lithium, iyo diaphragm kudonha, izvi zvikonzero zvitatu ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekuumbwa kweT2. Pazasi ini ndakaunza nzira nhatu dzakambotaurwa kune iyo michina uye kufambira mberi kwekupisa kwekunze kwekudzora kutonga, kusanganisira yekutanga, yemukati pfupi dunhu uye pfupi dunhu rekutonga kwedu, iBMS.

Chechipiri, thermal out of control uye thermal design yebhatiri inokonzerwa nemuganhu wakanaka. Chechitatu, iyo thermostat inokonzerwa nekuita kwakasimba kwe lithium lithium uye electrolyte uye kutonga kwedu kwekuchaja. Kana iwo matatu matekinoroji, iwo matatu matekinoroji anogona kugadzirisa iyo yekupisa-yekudzora dambudziko.

Isu tine hunyengeri hwekupedzisira, hunova kudzvinyirira kupisa kupararira, isu tinofanirwa kunzwisisa mutemo wekupisa kupararira, tichidzvanya kupararira kwekushisa, uye pakupedzisira kudzivirira njodzi dzekuchengetedza. Rega ndikuzivise kune izvi zvinhu zvina: Chekutanga, pfupi redunhu uye BMS. Zvinonyanya kujeka kuti zvikonzero zvemagetsi, zvakadai sekudhumhana, mechanical, uye pakupedzisira kubvarura kwe diaphragm, kana chikonzero chemagetsi, kubhadharisa pamusoro pechaji, bazi crystal lithium, dendritic puncture, kana kupisa, hongu, pakupedzisira, Kupisa, kupisa kunogona kutungamirira pakuputsika kwe diaphragm, zvikonzero zvose zvakafanana, asi zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, asi hazvisi zvenguva pfupi, asi iyo inopesana neiyo evol . ichagara kune diaphragm kuparara uye diaphragm kunyunguduka.

Saka isu tinoshandisa iyo yekudziya calorimeter uye DSC, imwe ndeyekutsanangura maitiro ayo kubva kune exotherm yezvinhu, imwe ndeyekupisa kunze kwebhatiri rimwe chete kubva pakupisa kupisa kwebhatiri rimwe chete, uye kuisa iyo inopisa kunze kwekudzora kuyedza chitsitsinho zvinhu Hunhu hwekupisa hunoongororwa, inova iyo nzira yekupisa isingadzoreki mushure mekunge tajaira. Tinogona kuona kuti kunyunguduka kweiyo diaphragm kunogona kukonzera mukati mapfupi maseketi, kutanga tembiricha, uye kuparara kwediaphragm kuchaita T2, kutungamirira zvakananga kupisa kunze kwekutonga, ichi ndicho chikonzero chakajairika. Isu tinoshandisawo dzimwe nzira dzakawanda dzekubatsira, dzinosanganisira nzira dzakasiyana dzekuongorora zvinhu, uye nzira yehuremu hwehuremu uye misa spectrometry yekuongorora zvinhu zvakasiyana.

Iyi ndiyo nzira yedu yekutanga yekuongorora, unogona kuongorora akasiyana mabhatiri, maitiro akasiyana. Iyi ndiyo yekutanga, uye ihwowo rudzi rwekupisa kunze-kwe-control nzira, zvisinei, tinogona kuita basa rakawanda kubva pakona yekugadzira, kwete yakanyanya kuonda, asi simba rakakwana, asi pakati Pane dambudziko rinowanzoitika kune pfupi dunhu, saka tinofanira kudzivirira mukati mapfupi matunhu, tinofanira kudzidza pfupi dunhu, pfupi-circuited kuedza kwakaoma zvakaoma, hapana akakura tsika kuti agadzirise ndangariro, saka isu tinobva tagadzira ndangariro itsva. kune imwe tembiricha, rega chivharo chendangariro chinopinza zvakanyanya, konzeresa kupisa kusadzora. Kubva mumabhuku uye netsvakiridzo yedu pachedu, kune marudzi mana akakosha emukati mapfupi maseketi.

Mamwe mapfupi-mapfupi anogona kukurumidza kutungamirira kumhepo inopisa, asi mamwe mapfupi-anotenderera anoshanduka zvishoma nezvishoma, uye mamwe mapfupi-edunhu angasava nengozi, asi mamwe mapfupi-anotenderera Zvichava nengozi zvikuru, uye mamwe mapfupi-anotenderera anogara achinonoka, uye kune mamwe emukati mapfupi maseketi kubva kunonoka kusvika kukuchinja, kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana. Kuti izvi zviitike, takaitawo kumwe kuongorora kwekufananidza, ini handina kutsanangurwa pano. Muchidimbu, takazoona kuti kushanduka kwemaseketi mapfupi mumhando yekushanduka kwaive kudonha kwevoltage, yekutanga maitiro akakosha kudonhedza voltage.

Ichava kukwira kwekushisa muchikamu chechipiri, uye pakupedzisira kuumba kupisa kunze kwekutonga. Saka nezve izvi zvinononoka, isu tinofanirwa mukuita kwayo kwekutanga, ndiko kuti, nhanho yekudonha kwemagetsi ndeyekuona kuti igadzirise, itore, kuti irege kuenderera mberi, iyi ndiyo yedu yemukati pfupi yedunhu yekuona Algorithm, iyi algorithm yeakateedzana bhatiri pack, kusanganisira yekutanga inoongororwa kubva mukuenderana kwevoltage, uye bhatiri voltage inodonha, zvichiratidza kuti bhatiri remukati rinogona kunge riine bhatiri remukati. Asi kana iwe usingakwanise kusimbisa, ngatiwedzere tembiricha.

Kana iwe wachinja mushure mekushanduka, isu tinowedzera iyo inopisa gasi sensor, saka pane nzira yekunonoka uye shanduko. Semuyenzaniso, kuenderana kucherechedzwa kweakateedzana bhatiri pack voltage, ini handiunze iyo chaiyo algorithm. Iwe unogona kuona zvakajeka kuti bhatiri riri pasi pamagetsi rinogona kuoneka.

Ehe, isu tinofanirwa kuitisa akatevedzana einjiniya nzira, uye kune yakapusa algorithm isina kukwana. Izvo zvinodiwawo kujoinha ruzivo rwakakodzera rwemapurojekiti mazhinji kutonga, iyi ndiyo dhatabhesi, saka isu tinosarudza kushanda pamwe nekambani. Muchidimbu, tinogona kurwa zvakanaka kubva munzvimbo iyi, senge micro-short circuit, nekuda kwekutsanya kwekukurumidza, nokuti bhatiri ichava ne deformation panguva yekubhadhara uye kubuda, ichava nekutambudzika, izvo zvichaita kuti kamwe kamwe kuparara kwe micro-short circuit, semitsipa yeropa revanhu The plaque mukati, kamwe-kamwe thrombosis inotsikirira, kana tikashandisa yakanyanyisa kupisa uye kutonhora, iwe unogona kuona. it.

Kuita sei? Isu tinofanirwa kushandisa iyi gasi sensor, iyo inogona kuita kanenge 3 maminetsi pachine nguva kuti tiite yekupisa kunze-kwe-kudzora yambiro. Muchidimbu, isu tinogadzira chizvarwa chitsva bhatiri manejimendi system yakavakirwa pane aya algorithms. Chikamu chechipiri ndicho chechipiri chatataura, inongova pfupi-circuited? Pane kurasikirwa kwekupisa pasina mukati mepfupi wedunhu? Muchokwadi, hapana yemukati pfupi dunhu kuti ive neiyo thermal kunze kwekutonga.

Sezvo iyo diaphragm iri kuramba ichiwedzera, iyo nickel yemukati meiyo yakanaka electrode ine nhengo nhatu inoramba ichiwedzera, tembiricha yekuburitsa iri kuramba ichidzikira, ndiko kuti, kugadzikana kwekupisa kweiyo yakanaka electrode zvinhu kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera, asi diaphragm yedu ichave iri nani uye iri nani, saka isina simba Iyo link ichaita zvishoma nezvishoma chinhu chakanaka. Uku ndiko kuyedza kwatakaita, hapana kupfupika kwedunhu, kune kupisa kusingadzoreki, tinobvisa electrolyte, pane kupisa kusingadzoreki, uye iwe unogona kuzviona kubva pakati, pane kupisa-isina spike, iyi yakanaka uye yakaipa mune imwe chidimbu, yakapedzwa zvizere Iyo yakanaka uye yakaipa poda inoiswa muchidimbu, pane inoshamisa yekuburitsa peak, ichi ndicho chikonzero chakaita kuti akonzerese. Kunyanya, papi peak inopisa? Positive electrode zvinhu chikamu shanduko, yemahara okisijeni.

Tarisa panhongonya yeHolland, kana iyo yakanaka uye isina kunaka ichibatanidzwa, iyo yakaipa electrode yakasvibiswa. Kana pasina peak, yakavharwa, inoratidza kuti kupisa kunogadzirwa kubva kune yakanaka heterogenesis uye yakaipa electrode reaction. Saka ndeipi iyi michina? Ndiyo kuchinjana kwezvinhu zve electrode yakanaka uye yakaipa, iyo ndiyo kuguma kwakanaka kweokisijeni kune electrode isina kunaka kuti iite chiito chinoshamisa, icho chakaita kuti thermal irege kutonga.

Nezvekupisa kwekunze-kwekutonga kwemukati mupfupi wedunhu, tinogona kumisikidza modhi zvinoenderana nese mhedzisiro mhedzisiro chete. Kuburikidza neakawanda-reti scanning yeDSC, maitiro anogara aripo ezvese mativi maitiro anogona kuverengerwa mune iyi nzira, hongu, kuburikidza neimwe nzira, pakupedzisira Yakasanganiswa nekuchengetedza simba, kuchengetedza kwemhando yepamusoro kunogona kuverenga iyo yakazara nzira yekupisa kwekunze-kwekudzora, uye inogona kunyatso kuteedzerwa nekuyedza. Nenzira iyi, tinogona kukudziridza kubva kune ruzivo rwakabatana kuti tigadzire iyo-yakavakirwa dhizaini, hongu, kune akawanda dhatabhesi, hapana dhatabhesi isiri, iyi ndiyo maitiro ekuita kwezvinhu zvakasiyana uye hukama hwekupisa.

Kubva pane dhatabhesi, isu tinofanira chokwadi kuvandudza zvinhu, kuvandudzwa kwakakosha ndinofunga maviri, imwe ndeyekuvandudzwa kwezvinhu zvakanaka, imwe ndeye electrolyte. Chokutanga pane zvose, tinogona kuwedzera kutonhora kweokisijeni kubva ku polysantial kusvika kune imwe kristal, uye zvinogona kuonekwa kuti maitiro e-thermal out-of-control achinja. Semuenzaniso, isu tinoshandisa yakakwira concentration electrolytes, iriwo nzira.

Zvechokwadi, munhu wose anogona kuongorora mamwe ma electrolyte akasimba. Iyo yakasimba electrolytes yakaoma zvikuru. Isu tinotenda kuti iyo concentrate pachayo ine yakanaka chimiro.

Semuenzaniso, uremu hwayo hwekupisa hwadzikira, uye simba rekupisa rakaderera. Kubva pakati apa tinogona kuzviona, uye iyo yakanaka haina kubatwa ne electrolyte, nekuti yedu itsva electrolysis quality is DMC, DMC iri 100 madhigirii Yave evaporated. Izvi ndizvo zvatinotenda kuti nhanho inotevera ye electrolyte inopfuura kungoita maelectrolyte akasimba, akawanda anobva pakuwedzera kwe electrolyte, high concentration electrolyte, uye electrolytes itsva inogona kuva.

Chikamu III, nezve lithium lithium uye kuchaja kutonga. Wese munhu anonzwisisa kuti ndichaudza lithium-ion bhatiri. Mushure mekunge bhatiri richaderedzwa, chii chichaita hupenyu huzere kutenderera kuchengetedza? Takaona kuti zvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha pakati pehupenyu huzere kuchengetedzwa ndeyekuongorora lithium, kana pasina chimiro che lithium-inoderedza kuchengetedzwa kwebheteri haina kuparara, chikonzero chega chekuipa ndechekuongorora lithium.

Tinogona kuwana nhevedzano yehumbowo, senge yakaderera tembiricha yekutsanya, yakaderera tembiricha nekukurumidza, tembiricha yeT2 inoderera zvishoma nezvishoma, uye kurasikirwa kwekupisa kwakaitika kare, uku ndiko kudzora bhatiri, kubva ku100% kusvika ku80%. Zviripachena zvinoenderana, lithically kubva kuzasi tembiricha kuchaja kubva kubhatiri nyowani kuenda kubhatiri rekare. Imwe yacho inokurumidza kuchaja.

Mushure mekukurumidza kuchaja, zvinogona kuoneka kuti tembiricha inodonha muT2 inodonha kusvika ku100 degrees. Kubva pakutanga kwebhatiri idzva 200 kusvika kune anopfuura 100 madhigirii, kurasikirwa kwekupisa kwakaitika kare, nekukurumidza. Chii ichi chikonzero? Iyo zvakare lithium lithium, tinogona kuona kuti kune akawanda lithium, uye iyo lithium ine zvishoma zvakanyanya.

Ongororo ye lithium ine huwandu hukuru hwe exotherm, saka ichiri lithium, precipitation lithium ichaita zvakanangana ne electrolyte, zvichikonzera kuwanda kwekushisa kukwira, kunogona kukonzera kupisa kurasikirwa. Naizvozvo, isu tinofanirwa kudzidza lithium, senge pfupi dunhu muchidzidzo chedu, maitiro ekudzidza lithium zvidzidzo? Kutanga tinogona kuona maitiro e lithium lithium. Uku kubhadharisa, kubhadharisa kwapera, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti lithiamu inotanga kutanga, kune chikamu chikuru chemashure, iyi ndiyo nzira ye lithium.

Iko kuedza iko zvino kunogona kuonekwa kubva kuRed Line, iyi ndiyo yakagadziriswa lithium, inodzoreredzwa lithium. Kune zvakare chikamu cherufu, inodzoreredzwa lithium, inogona kuiswa zvakare, uye iyo yakaipa electrode inopfuura-inogoneka, uye yakawandisa nhanho pamusoro-magetsi inowedzera kusvika ku0, iyo inogona kudzoserwa kune lithium. Ehe, iyo yakafa lithium haigone kutorwa.

Izvi zvinotipa kukurumidza. Tinogona here kupfuudza nzira ye reversible lithium kuona huwandu hwe lithium, semuenzaniso, iri kudzokera kumashure iyi nzira, iyi nzira inoenderana nepuratifomu pane voltage, isu takatevedzera, uye takawana iyi chikuva. Kana isu takaderera zvakanyanya, hapana chiitiko, ndeye yakajairika voltage kupora, kwete ichi chikuva.

Saka iyi puratifomu chiratidzo chakanaka, kuguma kwepuratifomu tinogona kuona nekusiyanisa, iyi ndiyo kuguma kwepuratifomu, inomiririra huwandu hwe lithium, uye kune hukama nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwe lithiamu, inogona kufanotaura chimiro. Isu takaona zvakare kubva mukuyedza kuti iyi inzira yekuchaja, yakamira. Isu tinoona zvakare kuti lithiamu inogona kuoneka kubva pakati, ichi ndicho chigumisiro chekuedza.

Saka nenzira iyi tinogona kuiwana mushure mekuichaja, asi ichi mhedzisiro mushure mekuchaja, hatingaite here kuirega iyo lithium irikuchaja? Kugona kubata ne lithium zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, hongu, izvi zvinoda kuti tibatsire muenzaniso wedu. Iyi ndiyo yakapfava yeP2D modhi yatakaita, unogona kuona kugona kweiyo negative electrode, ingoti iyo negative electrode inokwanisa uye lithium lithium, chero bedzi isu tichidzora kudarika-kunogona kweiyo negative electrode, tinogona kuvimbisa iyo lithium. Kuburikidza nemuenzaniso uyu, unogona kutora curve yelithium kuchaja, isu tinorega iyo yakaipa electrode inokwanisa isiri pasi pe zero, unogona kuwana yakanakisa kuchaja curve ye lithium lithium.

Tinogona kushandisa matatu-electrode kuenzanisa iyi curve, inova yedu yekuchaja algorithm. Isu takabatana nekambani, iyo inogona kuoneka zvakajeka kuti kushandisa iyi algorithm inogona kunyatsoona lithium, asi iyi inzira yekuenzanisa, nekufamba kwenguva Kuwedzera bhatiri kudonhedza kuita kunoshanduka, chii chatinofanira kuita, isu tine mhinduro, saka isu takapa mhinduro kune control algorithm ye lithium lithium, ndiko kuti, kune mucherechedzi kuti atarise kudarika-kwemagetsi, kutarisisa kwegetsi, ichi chitarisiko chisina kunaka. chaizvoizvo muenzaniso wemasvomhu. Izvi zvakafanana neSOC yedu, isu tine algorithm inocherekedza, isu tine mhinduro pane voltage, kuitira kuti tigone kuita chaiyo-nguva kutonga kwe lithium kuchaja, uye isu tinobatira pamwe nekambani.

Mukuita uku, tichine zvimwe zvekudemba, unogona kushandisa zvakananga sensor kune simba risina kunaka? Naizvozvo, kumwe kutsvagurudza ndeyekugadzira iyi inopfuura-inogoneka sensor. Wese munhu anonzwisisa echinyakare maelectrode matatu ambotaurwa. Upenyu hwayo hushoma, hapana nzira yekuishandisa se sensor, uye isu munguva pfupi yapfuura tave tichibatanidzwa nemakemikari system.

Iyo makemikari dhipatimendi Zhang Qiang timu, nekuti ivo iboka rine hukama kwazvo ruzivo, kubudirira munzvimbo ino, hupenyu hwedu hwekuyedzwa hunogona kunge hwakakura kupfuura mwedzi mishanu, kupfuura mwedzi mishanu inofanira kushandiswa, nekuti isu chaizvo Kana iyo application iri mukukurumidza kuchaja, haiwanzo kushandiswa, uye inokwana kwemwedzi mishanu. Tevere, basa redu rakavakirwa pane mhinduro yekuchaja kutonga kweiyo yakaipa overtest simba sensor. Chikamu chechina, thermal out-of control, kana tikasashanda kumberi, ndiko kupararira kwekupisa kwekunze kwekutonga uye nzira yedu yekudzvinyirira.

Wese munhu anonzwisisa kuti iyi mechanical abuse inobaya zvakananga kana extruded bhatiri pakarepo yakagadzira kuputika kwemoto, inova nzira yekupararira, uku ndiko kupararira kwekupararira kwedu. Yokutanga ndiyo bvunzo yenzvimbo yekushisa. Iyi ndiyo nzira yekuparadzira yedu parallel bhatiri pack.

Iyo nzira yekuparadzira nzira iri pamusoro. Sei chiri chikamu chechikamu, nokuti kana bhatiri rekutanga riri thermostable, richapfupika, magetsi ose Vachauya pano, saka vanoita kuti voltage idonhe, asi kana ichinge yaputsika, inodzokera shure, iyi ndiyo maitiro ekufanana kwekupisa kurasikirwa. Iri iboka rebhatiri rakateedzana, uye akateedzana bhatiri boka inongova kupisa kupisa maitiro.

Iyi ndiyo imwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kutanga kwehurongwa, pakupedzisira kupararira, hongu, nokuti kune kupisa mukati, kwete kungopisa kupisa chete, izvi zvinokurumidza kutungamirira kune njodzi dzinoputika, njodzi dzinopisa, nezvimwewo. Iyi ndiyo nzira yehurongwa hwese, iyo yose yePACK yekuparadzira maitiro, kutaurirana kwayo nguva dzose, kubva kuD2 kutanga kusvika kuU2, D1 inenge imwe chete imwe chete, uye imwezve, izvi hazvisisiri, nokuti pane kuvhara, izvi zvinokurudzira Dhizaini yedu ichiri yakakosha zvikuru kune bhatiri mapaketi. Saizvozvo, chinangwa chedu ndechechokwadi chakavakirwa pamuenzaniso wekufananidza dhizaini, nekuti iyi nzira yakaoma kwazvo, kana ruzivo rwakabatana chete rwakaoma, izvi ndizvo zvatinoita.

Munhu wose anofanira kuziva, kutora matanho ekufananidza, iwe unogona kugadzirisa zvigadziro, asi nhamba yemiganhu haina maturo, saka tinoita tsvakurudzo yakadzama mumiganhu, maitiro ekutora maparameter inyanzvi yeunyanzvi, II usatsanangurire pano, nzira dzakatevedzana. Neiyi modhi calibration modhi, tinogona kugadzira, iyi ndiyo dhizaini yekupisa kupisa. Bhatiri harina kukwana chete, uye kune inotonhorera dhizaini.

Kune zvakare kumwe kuvharirwa kwebhatiri, kupisa kupisa kunofanirwa kuve kwese kunogoneka, iyi ndiyo tekinoroji yefirewall yakagadziridzwa nevadzidzi vedu, insulation, kupisa kupisa, kuvharira kuburikidza nekudzivirira, kupisa kupisa, uye kupisa simba, maviri aya Kubatana. Uku kuedzwa kwakawanda, uku ndiko kuyedza kwese bhatiri paki musango, yechinyakare bhatiri paki, bhatiri paki ine firewall. Bhatiri paki ine firewalls ichangotanga izvi, utsi hwakakura kwazvo, zvishoma nezvishoma, hapana kupisa, hapana kupisa kupararira, zvechinyakare bhatiri mapaketi kuti pakupedzisira agadzire kupisa kupararira uye kupisa.

Tinogona kupfuura izvi, kuzviziva chaizvo. Izvi ndezvebasa iri, isu tinobatanidzwawo munhevedzano yemitemo yenyika. Iye zvino zvatakawedzera kuita izvi zvinoputika, zvakanyanya kuoma, ikozvino isu hatina kuwedzera kune simulation, muenzaniso wekuputika ndeyechokwadi, asi hauna kururama.

Zvinogona kuonekwa kubva mukuedza kuti kune yakasimba mamiriro, mvura, gaseous tri-state, iyi yepakati gasi mamwe magasi anopisa, ari mafuta, chimiro chakasimba zvimwe zvimedu zvakasimba, zvinowanzogadzira moto. Kuita sei? Imwe ndeyekuunganidza zvinhu, kungofanana nemotokari yechinyakare, kutora chinhu chemukati kuburikidza nesefa. Imwe yacho yakanyungudutswa, rega gasi rinopisa kupfuura moto waro, izvi ndizvo zvatiri kuita izvozvi.

Pakupedzisira, ndichaita pfupiso. Kune matatu maitiro ekupisa kunze kwekutonga, maakaitika. Muinduction, pane zvikonzero zvakasiyana muinduction, ndataura zvakawanda, hongu, pane chimwe chikamu chemuchina wedu wekudhumhana, handina kutaura, ikozvino tave pamberi pezvinhu izvi, zvinhu izvi zvichiri Hapana mitemo inodzorwa, isu tinonzwa kuti gare gare ndizvo.

Chechipiri, kupisa hakuchadzoreki. Takataura tembiricha nhatu, izvo zvikonzero zvitatu zvinoratidzwa pano. Pane kuputika uye moto mukati mebhatiri.

Zvakakosha kusarudzwa nehurumende ye electrolyte, nzvimbo yekubikira ye electrolyte. Pakupedzisira, inopararira, uye tinogona kupararira, kune kupararira kwakamwe kamwe, semoto, iyo inoputika kumoto unoshanduka, uye pakupedzisira inotungamirira mukupisa kwakanyanya, matambudziko ose atakaratidza pano ndeokugadzirisa. .