Yini i-Lithium Ion Amabhethri

1 Yini amabhethri e-Lithium Ion?

Ibhethri liwumthombo wamandla kagesi ahlanganisa iseli elilodwa noma amaningi e-electrochemical anoxhumo lwangaphandle lokunika amandla izinto zikagesi. Ibhethri ye-lithium-ion noma i-Li-ion iwuhlobo lwebhethri elishajekayo elisebenzisa ukuncishiswa okubuyiselekayo kwe-lithium ion ukugcina amandla futhi kudume ukuminyana kwawo okuphezulu kwamandla.

2 Ukwakheka kwamabhethri e-Lithium Ion

Ngokuvamile amabhethri amaningi e-Li-ion asebenzisa inhlanganisela ye-intercalation njengezinto ezisebenzayo. Ngokuvamile aqukethe izendlalelo ezimbalwa zezinto ezihlelwa ngendlela ethile ukuze kube lula inqubo ye-electrochemical eyenza ibhethri likwazi ukugcina nokukhulula amandla--i-anode, i-cathode, i-electrolyte, isihlukanisi nesiqoqi samanje.

Yini i-anode?

Njengengxenye yebhethri, i-anode idlala indima ebalulekile kumthamo, ekusebenzeni, nasekuqineni kwebhethri. Lapho ishaja, i-graphite anode inesibopho sokwamukela nokugcina i-lithium ion. Lapho ibhethri likhishwa, ama-ion e-lithium asuka ku-anode aye ku-cathode ukuze kudalwe ugesi. Ngokuvamile i-anode esetshenziswa kakhulu kwezohwebo i-graphite, okuthi esimweni sayo se-lithiated ngokugcwele se-LiC6 ihlobane nomthamo omkhulu we-1339 C/g (372 mAh/g) Kodwa ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, izinto ezintsha ezifana ne-silicon ziye zacwaningwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuminyana kwamandla amabhethri e-lithium-ion.

Yini i-cathode?

I-Cathode isebenza ukwamukela nokukhulula ama-ion e-lithium ashajwa kahle phakathi nemijikelezo yamanje. Ngokuvamile iqukethe isakhiwo esinezingqimba ze-oxide egqinsiwe (njenge-lithium cobalt oxide), i-polyanion (efana ne-lithium iron phosphate) noma i-spinel (efana ne-lithium manganese oxide) eboshwe kumqoqi weshaja (ngokuvamile eyenziwe nge-aluminium) 

Iyini i-electrolyte?

Njengosawoti we-lithium ku-solvent ephilayo, i-electrolyte isebenza njengendawo ye-lithium ion ukuhamba phakathi kwe-anode ne-cathode ngesikhathi sokushaja nokukhipha.

Yini isihlukanisi?

Njengolwelwesi oluncane oluncane noma ungqimba lwezinto ezingezona e-conductive, isihlukanisi sisebenza ukuvimbela i-anode (i-electrode engeyiyo) kanye ne-cathode (i-electrode eqondile) ukuthi ingafinyeleli, njengoba lolu ungqimba lukwazi ukungena kuma-ion e-lithium kodwa hhayi kuma-electron. Ingase futhi iqinisekise ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwama-ion phakathi kwama-electrode ngesikhathi sokushaja nokukhipha. Ngakho-ke, ibhethri lingagcina i-voltage ezinzile futhi linciphise ingozi yokushisa ngokweqile, ukuvutha noma ukuqhuma.

Yini umqoqi wamanje?

Umqoqi wamanje uklanyelwe ukuqoqa amandla amanje akhiqizwa ama-electrode ebhethri bese uwuhambisa kumjikelezo wangaphandle, okubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle nokuphila isikhathi eside kwebhethri. Futhi ngokuvamile kuvame ukwenziwa ngeshidi elincane le-aluminium noma lethusi.

3 Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Kwebhethri ye-Lithium Ion

Ucwaningo lwamabhethri e-Li-ion aphinde ashajwa lusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960s, esinye sezibonelo zakuqala ibhethri le-CuF2/Li elakhiwa yi-NASA ngo. 1965 Futhi inkinga kawoyela yahlasela umhlaba ngawo-1970s, abacwaningi baphendukela emithonjeni ehlukile yamandla, ngakho-ke impumelelo eyakhiqiza uhlobo lokuqala lwebhethri ye-Li-ion yesimanje yenziwa ngenxa yesisindo esilula kanye nokuminyana kwamandla okukhulu kwamabhethri e-lithium ion. Ngaso leso sikhathi, uStanley Whittingham wakwa-Exxon wathola ukuthi i-lithium ion ingafakwa ezintweni ezifana ne-TiS2 ukuze kwakhiwe ibhethri elishajekayo. 

Ngakho-ke wazama ukudayisa leli bhethri kodwa wehluleka ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme kanye nokuba khona kwe-metallic lithium kumaseli. Ngo-1980 kwatholakala izinto ezintsha ezinikeza amandla kagesi aphezulu futhi zazizinze kakhulu emoyeni, ezazizosetshenziswa kamuva ebhethrini lokuqala lezohwebo le-Li-ion, nakuba lingazange, ngokwalo, lixazulule inkinga eqhubekayo yokuvutha. Ngonyaka ofanayo, uRachid Yazami wasungula i-lithium graphite electrode (anode). Kwathi ngo-1991, amabhethri e-lithium-ion okuqala aphinde ashajwa emhlabeni aqala ukungena emakethe. Ngo-2000s, isidingo samabhethri e-lithium-ion sakhula njengoba izinto zikagesi eziphathwayo zaqala ukuduma, okushayela amabhethri e-lithium ion ukuthi aphephe futhi ahlale isikhathi eside. Izimoto zikagesi zethulwa ngo-2010s, okwadala imakethe entsha yamabhethri e-lithium-ion 

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo ezintsha zokukhiqiza nezinto zokwakha, njenge-silicon anode kanye nama-electrolyte aqinile-state, kwaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokuphepha kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion. Namuhla, amabhethri e-lithium-ion abalulekile ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, ngakho ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezintsha nobuchwepheshe kuyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza, ukusebenza kahle, nokuphepha kwalawa mabhethri.

4.Izinhlobo zamabhethri e-Lithium Ion

Amabhethri e-lithium-ion eza ngezinhlobonhlobo zomumo nosayizi, futhi akuwona wonke enziwa alingane. Imvamisa kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu zamabhethri e-lithium-ion.

l I-Lithium Cobalt oxide

Amabhethri e-lithium cobalt oxide enziwa nge-lithium carbonate ne-cobalt futhi aziwa nangokuthi amabhethri e-lithium cobaltate noma amabhethri e-lithium-ion cobalt. Bane-cobalt oxide cathode kanye ne-graphite carbon anode, futhi i-lithium ion isuka ku-anode iye ku-cathode ngesikhathi sokukhipha, nokugeleza kubuyisela emuva lapho ibhethri lishajwa. Ngokuqondene nokusetshenziswa kwawo, asetshenziswa emishinini ye-elekthronikhi ephathekayo, ezimotweni zikagesi, nasezinhlelweni zokugcina amandla avuselelekayo ngenxa yamandla azo athile aphezulu, izinga eliphansi lokuzikhulula, amandla kagesi aphezulu okusebenza kanye nezinga lokushisa elibanzi.Kodwa naka ukukhathazeka kokuphepha okuhlobene. emandleni okubaleka okushisayo kanye nokungazinzi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.

l I-Lithium Manganese oxide

I-Lithium Manganese Oxide (i-LiMn2O4) iwumsebenzi we-cathode osetshenziswa kakhulu kumabhethri e-lithium-ion.Ubuchwepheshe balolu hlobo lwebhethri baqale ukutholwa ngeminyaka yawo-1980, ngokushicilelwa kokuqala ku-Materials Research Bulletin ngo-1983. Enye yezinzuzo ze-LiMn2O4 ukuthi inokuzinza okuhle kwe-thermal, okusho ukuthi mancane amathuba okuba ube ne-thermal runaway, nayo ephephile kunezinye izinhlobo zebhethri ye-lithium-ion. Ukwengeza, i-manganese inala futhi itholakala kabanzi, okwenza kube inketho esimeme uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto ze-cathode eziqukethe izinsiza ezilinganiselwe njenge-cobalt. Ngenxa yalokho, zivame ukutholakala emishinini yezokwelapha nakumadivaysi, amathuluzi kagesi, izithuthuthu zikagesi, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo, i-LiMn2O4 ukuzinza okumpofu kwamabhayisikili uma kuqhathaniswa ne-LiCoO2, okusho ukuthi ingase idinge ukushintshwa okuvamile, ngakho ingase ingafaneleki njengezinhlelo zokugcina amandla zesikhathi eside.

l I-Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)

I-Phosphate isetshenziswa njenge-cathode kumabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate, avame ukubizwa ngokuthi amabhethri e-li-phosphate. Ukumelana kwabo okuphansi kuye kwathuthukisa ukuzinza nokuphepha kwabo okushisayo Zibuye zidume ngokuhlala isikhathi eside kanye nomjikelezo wempilo ende, okubenza babe inketho engabizi kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo zamabhethri e-lithium-ion. Ngakho-ke, lawa mabhethri asetshenziswa kaningi kumabhayisikili kagesi nakwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga umjikelezo wempilo ende kanye namazinga aphezulu okuphepha. Kodwa ukungalungi kwayo kwenza kube nzima ukuthuthuka ngokushesha. Okokuqala, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zamabhethri e-lithium-ion, abiza kakhulu ngoba asebenzisa izinto ezingandile nezimba eqolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate ane-voltage ephansi yokusebenza, okusho ukuthi angase angafaneleki kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga i-voltage ephezulu. Ukushaja kwayo okude kuyenza ibe kubi ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukushajwa kabusha okusheshayo.

l I-Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)

Amabhethri e-Lithium Nickel manganese e-Cobalt Oxide, avame ukwaziwa ngokuthi amabhethri e-NMC, akhiwe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene ezitholakala endaweni yonke kumabhethri e-lithium-ion. I-cathode eyakhiwe ngengxube ye-nickel, i-manganese, ne-cobalt ifakiwe Ukuminyana kwayo okuphezulu kwamandla, ukusebenza kahle kwamabhayisikili, nokuphila isikhathi eside kukwenze kwaba ukukhetha kokuqala ezimotweni zikagesi, izinhlelo zokugcina igridi, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, okuye kwafaka isandla nakakhulu ekwandeni kokuthandwa kwezimoto zikagesi nezinhlelo zamandla avuselelekayo. Ukuze kukhuliswe umthamo, ama-electrolyte amasha nezithasiselo zisetshenziswa ukuze ikwazi ukushaja ku-4.4V/cell nangaphezulu. Kunomkhuba obheke ku-Li-ion ehlanganiswe ne-NMC njengoba uhlelo lubiza futhi luhlinzeka ngokusebenza okuhle. I-Nickel, i-manganese, ne-cobalt yizinto ezintathu ezisebenzayo ezingase zihlanganiswe kalula ukuze zivumelane nohlu olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-automotive and energy storage systems (EES) ezidinga ukuhamba njalo ngamabhayisikili.

 Lapho singabona khona ukuthi umndeni wakwa-NMC uya uhlukahluka kakhulu

Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yayo emibi yokubalekela ukushisa, izingozi zomlilo kanye nokukhathazeka kwemvelo kungase kuphazamise ukuqhubeka kwayo.

l I-Lithium Titanate

I-lithium titanate, evame ukwaziwa nge-li-titanate, iwuhlobo lwebhethri elinenani elikhulayo lokusetshenziswa. Ngenxa ye-nanotechnology yayo ephakeme, iyakwazi ukushaja ngokushesha futhi ikhiphe ngenkathi igcina i-voltage ezinzile, okuyenza ifanelekele ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu njengezimoto zikagesi, izinhlelo zokugcina amandla ezentengiselwano nezimboni, kanye nokugcinwa kwezinga legridi. Ngokuhambisana nokuphepha nokuthembeka kwawo, lawa mabhethri angase asetshenziselwe izinhlelo zezempi nezomkhathi, kanye nokugcina amandla omoya kanye nelanga kanye nokwakha amagridi ahlakaniphile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kweBattery Space, lawa mabhethri angasetshenziswa kumakhophi abalulekile esistimu yamandla. Noma kunjalo, amabhethri e-lithium titanate avame ukubiza kakhulu kunamabhethri e-lithium-ion endabuko ngenxa yenqubo yokwenziwa eyinkimbinkimbi edingekayo ukuze awakhiqize.

5.Amathrendi Okuthuthukisa Amabhethri e-Lithium Ion

Ukukhula komhlaba wonke kokufakwa kwamandla avuselelekayo kukhuphule ukukhiqizwa kwamandla ngezikhathi ezithile, okudala igridi engalingani. Lokhu kuholele esidingweni samabhethri.kuyilapho kugxilwe ekukhishweni kwekhabhoni enguziro kanye nesidingo sokusuka kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, okungamalahle, ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla kushukumisela ohulumeni abengeziwe ukuthi bakhuthaze ukufakwa kwamandla elanga nomoya. Lokhu kufakwa kuyaboleka kumasistimu okugcina ibhethri agcina amandla engeziwe akhiqizwayo. Ngakho-ke, izikhuthazo zikahulumeni zokukhuthaza ukufakwa kwebhethri ye-Li-ion nazo ziqhuba ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri e-lithium ion. Isibonelo, usayizi wemakethe ye-NMC Lithium-Ion Batteries yomhlaba wonke kulindeleke ukuthi ukhule usuka ku-US$ million ngo-2022 uya ku-US$ million ngo-2029; kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ku-CAGR ka-% ukusuka ngo-2023 kuya 2029  Futhi izidingo ezikhulayo zezicelo ezidinga imithwalo esindayo kulindeleke ukuthi zenze amabhethri e-lithium ion angu-3000-10000 abe ingxenye ekhula ngokushesha kakhulu ngesikhathi sokubikezela (2022-2030).

6 Ukuhlaziywa kwe-investimenti ye-Lithium Ion Batteries

Imboni yemakethe yamabhethri e-lithium ion kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule isuka ku-USD 51.16 billion ngo-2022 iye ku-USD 118.15 billion ngo-2030, ikhombisa izinga lokukhula lonyaka elihlanganisiwe lama-4.72% ngesikhathi sokubikezela (2022-2030), okuncike ezintweni ezimbalwa.

l Ukuhlaziya komsebenzisi wokugcina

Ukufakwa komkhakha wezinsiza kuyizishayeli eziyinhloko zamasistimu okugcina amandla ebhethri (BESS). Lesi sigaba kulindeleke ukuthi sikhule sisuka ku-$2.25 billion ngo-2021 siye ku-$5.99 billion ngo-2030 ku-CAGR ka-11.5%.  Amabhethri e-Li-ion akhombisa i-CAGR ephezulu engama-34.4% ngenxa yesisekelo sawo sokukhula esiphansi. Izingxenye zokugcinwa kwamandla okuhlala kanye nezohwebo zingezinye izindawo ezinamandla ezimakethe ezinkulu zama- $ 5.51 billion ngo-2030, zisuka ku-$1.68 billion ngo-2021. Umkhakha wezimboni uyaqhubeka nemashi yawo ebheke ekukhiqizweni kwekhabhoni engu-zero, nezinkampani ezenza izithembiso ze-net-zero eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ezayo. Izinkampani zeTelecom nedatha yedatha zihamba phambili ekwehliseni ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngokugxila okwengeziwe emithonjeni yamandla avuselelekayo. Konke okuzokhuthaza ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kwe  amabhethri e-lithium ion njengoba izinkampani zithola izindlela zokuqinisekisa isipele esithembekile nokulinganisa kwegridi.

l Ukuhlaziywa Kohlobo Lomkhiqizo

Ngenxa yenani eliphezulu le-cobalt, ibhethri elingenayo i-cobalt ingenye yezindlela zokuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion. I-High-voltage ye-LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) enamandla amakhulu etiyetha ingenye yezinto ezithembisayo kakhulu ze-Co-free cathode ekuhambeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yokuhlolwa ifakazele ukuthi ukusebenza kwamabhayisikili nokusebenza kwezinga le-C kwebhethri le-LNMO kuthuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa i-semi-solid electrolyte. Lokhu kungahlongozwa ukuthi i-anionic COF ikwazi ukumunca ngokuqinile i-Mn3+/Mn2+ ne-Ni2+ ngokusebenzisana kwe-Coulomb, inqande ukuthuthela kwabo okulimazayo ku-anode. Ngakho-ke, lo msebenzi uzoba nenzuzo ekuhwebeni kwempahla ye-LNMO cathode.

l Ukuhlaziywa Kwesifunda

I-Asia-Pacific izoba imakethe enkulu yebhethri ye-lithium-ion emile ngo-2030, eqhutshwa yizinsiza nezimboni. Izodlula iNyakatho Melika kanye ne-Europe ngemakethe yama- $ 7.07 billion ngo-2030, ikhula isuka ku- $1.24 billion ngo-2021 ku-CAGR ka-21.3%. INyakatho Melika kanye ne-Europe kuzoba yizimakethe ezinkulu ezilandelayo ngenxa yezinhloso zabo zokuqeda umnotho negridi yabo eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ezayo. I-LATAM izobona izinga eliphezulu lokukhula ku-CAGR ka-21.4% ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncane nesisekelo esiphansi.

7 Izinto Okufanele Uzicabange Ngamabhethri e-Lithium Ion Asezingeni eliphezulu

Lapho uthenga i-inverter ye-solar optical, akufanele kucatshangelwe kuphela intengo kanye nekhwalithi, ezinye izici kufanele futhi zigcinwe engqondweni.

l Ukuminyana kwamandla

I-Energy density inani lamandla agcinwe ngeyunithi ngayinye. Ukuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu ngesisindo esincane nosayizi kubanzi kakhulu phakathi kwemijikelezo yokushaja.

l  Ukuphepha

Ukuphepha kungenye into ebalulekile yamabhethri e-lithium-ion kusukela ekuqhumeni nemililo engenzeka ngenkathi ishaja noma ikhishwa, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukukhetha amabhethri anezindlela zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe, njengezinzwa zokushisa nezinto ezivimbelayo.

l Uhlobo

Enye yamathrendi akamuva embonini yebhethri ye-lithium-ion ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri esimo esiqinile, okunikeza uhla lwezinzuzo ezifana nokuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu kanye nomjikelezo wempilo omude. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwamabhethri e-solid-state ezimotweni zikagesi kuzokhuphula kakhulu uhla lwazo lwamandla nokuphepha.

l Izinga lokushaja

Izinga lokushajwa lincike ekutheni ibhethri lishajwa ngokushesha kangakanani. Kwesinye isikhathi ibhethri lithatha isikhathi eside ukushajwa ngaphambi kokuthi lisetshenziswe.

l Ubude bempilo

 Alikho ibhethri elisebenza impilo yonke kodwa linedethi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi. Hlola idethi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi ngaphambi kokuthenga. Amabhethri e-lithium ion anempilo ende yemvelo ngenxa yekhemistri yawo kodwa ibhethri ngalinye liyahluka kwelinye ngokuya ngohlobo, imininingwane kanye nendlela enziwe ngayo. Amabhethri ekhwalithi ephezulu azohlala isikhathi eside njengoba enziwe ngezinto ezinhle ngaphakathi.