He aha ka Lithium Ion Battery

1 He aha ka Lithium Ion Battery?

ʻO ka pākaukau kahi kumu o ka mana uila i loko o hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā kelepona electrochemical me nā hoʻopili waho no ka mana uila ʻO ka pākaukau lithium-ion a i ʻole Li-ion kahi ʻano o ka pākaukau rechargeable e hoʻohana ana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa hoʻihoʻi ʻana o nā ion lithium e mālama i ka ikehu a kaulana i ko lākou kiʻekiʻe ikehu.

2 ʻO ke ʻano o nā Bateri Lithium Ion

ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻohana ka hapa nui o nā Bateri Li-ion pāʻoihana i nā pūhui intercalation ma ke ʻano he mea hana. Loaʻa iā lākou he mau papa o nā mea i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i kahi kauoha kikoʻī e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke kaʻina hana electrochemical e hiki ai i ka pākaukau ke mālama a hoʻokuʻu i ka ikehu--anode, cathode, electrolyte, separator a me ka ʻohi o kēia manawa.

He aha ka anode?

Ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka pākaukau, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ka anode i ka hiki, ka hana, a me ka lōʻihi o ka pā. I ka hoʻouka ʻana, ʻo ka graphite anode ke kuleana no ka ʻae ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ion lithium. Ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka pākaukau, neʻe nā ion lithium mai ka anode a i ka cathode i hana ʻia kahi au uila. ʻO ka mea maʻamau ka anode maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia he graphite, i loko o kona kūlana lithiated piha o LiC6 e hoʻopili i kahi mana kiʻekiʻe o 1339 C/g (372 mAh/g) Akā me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana, ua noiʻi ʻia nā mea hou e like me ke silika e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka nui o ka ikehu no nā pā lithium-ion.

He aha ka cathode?

Hana ʻo Cathode e ʻae a hoʻokuʻu i nā ion lithium i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia i nā pōʻai o kēia manawa. ʻO ka mea maʻamau i loko o kahi ʻano papa o kahi ʻokiʻoki i hoʻopaʻa ʻia (e like me ka lithium cobalt oxide), kahi polyanion (e like me ka lithium iron phosphate) a i ʻole kahi spinel (e like me ka lithium manganese oxide) i uhi ʻia ma luna o ka mea hōʻiliʻili uku (i hana mau ʻia me ka alumini). 

He aha ka electrolyte?

Ma ke ʻano he paʻakai lithium i loko o kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe organik, lawelawe ka electrolyte ma ke ʻano he ʻano no nā ion lithium e neʻe ai ma waena o ka anode a me ka cathode i ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana.

He aha ka mea hoʻokaʻawale?

Ma keʻano he membrane lahilahi a iʻole ka papa o nā mea non-conductive, hana ka mea hoʻokaʻawale e pale i ka anode (negative electrode) a me ka cathode (positive electrode) mai ka pōkole, no ka mea, ua paʻa kēia papa i nā ion lithium akāʻaʻole i nā electrons. Hiki iā ia ke hōʻoia i ka holo mau ʻana o nā ion ma waena o nā electrodes i ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana. No laila, hiki i ka pākaukau ke mālama i ka volta paʻa a hoʻemi i ka hopena o ka wela nui, puhi a pahū paha.

He aha ka mea ʻohi o kēia manawa?

Hoʻolālā ʻia ka ʻohi o kēia manawa e hōʻiliʻili i ka mea i hana ʻia e nā electrodes o ka pākaukau a lawe aku iā ia i ke kaapuni o waho, he mea nui ia e hōʻoia i ka hana maikaʻi loa a me ka lōʻihi o ka pākaukau. A ʻo ka mea maʻamau, hana ʻia ia mai kahi ʻāpana lahilahi o ka alumini a i ʻole ke keleawe.

3 ʻO ka Moʻolelo Hoʻomohala o nā Bateri Lithium Ion

ʻO ka noiʻi ʻana e pili ana i nā pākahi Li-ion rechargeable i nā makahiki 1960, ʻo kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona mua loa he pākaukau CuF2/Li i hoʻomohala ʻia e NASA ma 1965 A pilikia ka aila i ka honua i nā makahiki 1970, ua huli ka poʻe noiʻi i ko lākou manaʻo i nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe o ka ikehu, no laila ua hana ʻia ka holomua i hoʻopuka i ke ʻano mua loa o ka pā uila Li-ion hou ma muli o ke kaumaha māmā a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe o nā pā lithium ion. Ma ka manawa like, ua ʻike ʻo Stanley Whittingham o Exxon e hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia nā ion lithium i loko o nā mea e like me TiS2 e hana i kahi pākaukau rechargeable. 

No laila ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e kūʻai i kēia pākaukau akā ua hāʻule ʻo ia ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka lithium metala i loko o nā cell. Ma 1980 hou mea i loaʻa e kaumaha aku i ka kiekie ae voli a me ka oi paʻa i loko o ka lewa, a ma hope e hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka mua pāʻoihana Li-Ion puʻupuʻu, oiaiʻaʻole ia, ma kona iho, e hoʻoholo i ka hoʻomau 'ia o ka flammability.The. I kēlā makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hana ʻo Rachid Yazami i ka lithium graphite electrode (anode). A laila i ka makahiki 1991, ua hoʻomaka ka honua e hoʻokomo i ka mākeke. I ka makahiki 2000, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka noi no nā pā lithium-ion e like me ka lilo ʻana o nā mea uila uila i kaulana, kahi e hoʻokele ai i nā pā lithium ion e palekana a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā kaʻa uila i ka makahiki 2010, nāna i hana i kahi mākeke hou no nā pā lithium-ion 

ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kaʻina hana hou a me nā mea waiwai, e like me nā anodes silicon a me nā electrolytes solid-state, hoʻomau i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana a me ka palekana o nā pā lithium-ion. I kēia mau lā, ua lilo nā pākahi lithium-ion i mea koʻikoʻi i ko mākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā, no laila ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea a me nā ʻenehana hou e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hana, ka pono, a me ka palekana o kēia mau pila.

4. ʻO nā ʻano o nā Bateri Lithium Ion

Hiki mai nā ʻōhua lithium-ion i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā nui, ʻaʻole like lākou a pau. ʻO ka maʻamau he ʻelima mau ʻano o nā pākahi lithium-ion.

l Lithium Cobalt Oxide

Hoʻokumu ʻia nā pākahi lithium cobalt oxide mai ka lithium carbonate a me ka cobalt a ʻike ʻia hoʻi he lithium cobaltate a i ʻole lithium-ion cobalt batteries. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi cathode cobalt oxide a me kahi anode kalapona graphite, a neʻe nā ion lithium mai ka anode i ka cathode i ka wā o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, me ka hoʻohuli ʻana o ke kahe i ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka pākaukau. No kāna noi, hoʻohana ʻia lākou i nā mea uila uila, nā kaʻa uila, a me nā ʻōnaehana mālama ʻana i ka ikehu hou ma muli o ko lākou kiʻekiʻe kikoʻī kikoʻī, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, kiʻekiʻe ka uila hana a me ka laulā ākea ākea. i ka hiki ke holo ka wela a me ka paʻa ʻole i nā wela kiʻekiʻe.

l Lithium Manganese Oxide

ʻO ka Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) he mea cathode i hoʻohana mau ʻia i loko o nā pākahi lithium-ion. ʻO kekahi o nā mea maikaʻi o LiMn2O4 ʻo ia ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kūpaʻa wela maikaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻike ʻana i ka holo ʻana o ka wela, a ʻoi aku ka palekana ma mua o nā ʻano pākaukau lithium-ion ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohui ʻia, he nui ka manganese a loaʻa ākea, kahi i koho ʻoi aku ka hoʻomau i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea cathode i loaʻa nā kumuwaiwai liʻiliʻi e like me ka cobalt. ʻO ka hopena, loaʻa pinepine lākou i nā mea lapaʻau a me nā mea hana, nā mea hana mana, nā kaʻa uila, a me nā noi ʻē aʻe. ʻOiai ʻo kona mau pōmaikaʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka LiMn2O4 i ka paʻa paikikala i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me LiCoO2, ʻo ia hoʻi he pono ke hoʻololi pinepine ʻia, no laila ʻaʻole kūpono ia no nā ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu lōʻihi.

l Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)

Hoʻohana ʻia ka Phosphate ma ke ʻano he cathode i loko o nā pākahi lithium iron phosphate, i ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo nā pā li-phosphate. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ko lākou kūpaʻa haʻahaʻa i ko lākou kūpaʻa wela a me ka palekana Kaulana nō hoʻi lākou no ka lōʻihi a me ka pōʻai ola lōʻihi, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻolilo iā lākou i ke kumu kūʻai maikaʻi loa i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā pākahi lithium-ion. No laila, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mau pila i nā kaʻa uila a me nā noi ʻē aʻe e koi ana i kahi pōʻai ola lōʻihi a me nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka palekana. Akā ʻo kona mau hemahema e paʻakikī ai ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki. ʻO ka mea mua, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻano pākaukau lithium-ion ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai no ka mea hoʻohana lākou i nā mea makaʻu a me ka pipiʻi. Eia kekahi, he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa nā pā lithium iron phosphate, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻaʻole kūpono lākou no kekahi mau noi e koi ana i ka volta kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka manawa e hoʻopaʻa ai, he mea pōʻino ia i nā noi e koi ai i ka hoʻoiho wikiwiki.

l Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)

Ua kūkulu ʻia nā pākahiko Lithium Nickel manganese Cobalt Oxide, i ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo NMC batteries, i nā ʻano mea like ʻole i ke ao holoʻokoʻa i nā pā lithium-ion. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi cathode i hoʻohui ʻia me ka nickel, manganese, a me ka cobalt ʻO kona kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu, ka maikaʻi o ke kaʻa kaʻa, a me ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana, ua lilo ia i mea koho mua i nā kaʻa uila, nā ʻōnaehana mālama grid, a me nā noi hana kiʻekiʻe ʻē aʻe, i kōkua hou i ka ulu ʻana o nā kaʻa uila a me nā ʻōnaehana ikehu hou. No ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hiki, hoʻohana ʻia nā electrolytes hou a me nā mea hoʻohui e hiki ai iā ia ke hoʻouka i ka 4.4V/cell a ʻoi aku. Aia kahi hiʻohiʻona i ka Li-ion i hui pū ʻia me NMC no ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻōnaehana a hāʻawi i ka hana maikaʻi. ʻO Nickel, manganese, a me ka cobalt ʻekolu mau mea hana e hiki ke hoʻohui maʻalahi e kūpono i kahi ākea o nā ʻōnaehana mālama kaʻa a me ka ikehu (EES) e koi ai i ka holo kaʻa pinepine.

 Mai kahi e hiki ai iā mākou ke ʻike i ka ʻohana NMC e lilo i ʻokoʻa

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā hopena ʻaoʻao o ka holo ʻana o ka wela, nā pōʻino ahi a me nā pilikia kaiapuni hiki ke hoʻopilikia i kona hoʻomohala hou ʻana.

l Lithium Titanate

ʻO Lithium titanate, i ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo li-titanate, he ʻano pākaukau e ulu ana ka nui o nā hoʻohana. Ma muli o kāna nanotechnology kiʻekiʻe, hiki iā ia ke hoʻopiʻi wikiwiki a hoʻokuʻu i ka wā e mālama ana i ka volta paʻa, kahi e kūpono ai ia no nā noi mana kiʻekiʻe e like me nā kaʻa uila, nā ʻōnaehana mālama ʻenehana a me nā ʻoihana, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka pae. Me kona palekana a me ka hilinaʻi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau pihi no ka pūʻali koa a me nā noi aerospace, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka makani a me ka ikehu lā a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā grids akamai. Eia kekahi, e like me ka Battery Space, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau pākahi i nā ʻōnaehana mana koʻikoʻi Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pali lithium titanate ma mua o nā pā lithium-ion kuʻuna ma muli o ke kaʻina hana paʻakikī e pono ai e hana iā lākou.

5. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā Bateri Lithium Ion

ʻO ka ulu honua o nā hoʻonohonoho ikehu hou i hoʻonui i ka hana ʻana o ka ikehu intermittent, e hana ana i kahi pānaʻi kaulike ʻole. ʻO kēia ka mea i alakaʻi ai i kahi koi no nā ʻokoʻa. ʻoiai ʻo ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu kalapona ʻole a pono e neʻe aku mai nā wahie mōʻalihaku, ʻo ia hoʻi ka lanahu, no ka hana mana e hoʻoikaika i nā aupuni e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka lā a me ka makani. Hāʻawi kēia mau mea hoʻonohonoho iā lākou iho i nā ʻōnaehana mālama pākaukau e mālama ai i ka mana keu i hana ʻia. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ke aupuni e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā pā uila Li-ion e alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻāpana lithium ion. No ka laʻana, manaʻo ʻia ka nui o ka mākeke NMC Lithium-Ion Batteries e ulu mai US $ miliona i 2022 a i US $ miliona i 2029; manaʻo ʻia e ulu ma kahi CAGR o % mai 2023 a 2029  A ʻo ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o nā noi e koi ana i nā ukana kaumaha e manaʻo ʻia e hana i nā pākahi lithium ion o 3000-10000 ka ʻāpana ulu wikiwiki loa i ka wā wānana (2022-2030).

6 ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana o nā Bateri Lithium Ion

Kuhi ʻia ka ʻoihana mākeke lithium ion e ulu mai $ 51.16 biliona i 2022 a i $ 118.15 biliona e 2030, e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka makahiki he 4.72% i ka wā wānana (2022-2030), e hilinaʻi ana i nā kumu.

l Ka Hoʻomākaʻikaʻi Mea hoʻohana

ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka ʻāpana pono nā mea hoʻokele koʻikoʻi no nā ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu pākaukau (BESS). Kuhi ʻia kēia māhele e ulu mai $2.25 biliona ma 2021 a i $5.99 biliona ma 2030 ma kahi CAGR o 11.5%.  Ke hōʻike nei nā ʻona Li-ion i kahi 34.4% CAGR kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ko lākou kumu ulu haʻahaʻa. ʻO nā ʻāpana mālama hale noho a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe he mau wahi ʻē aʻe me ka mākeke nui o $ 5.51 biliona ma 2030, mai $ 1.68 biliona i 2021. Ke hoʻomau nei ka ʻoihana ʻoihana i kāna huakaʻi i ka hoʻokuʻu kalapona ʻole, me nā ʻoihana e hana ana i nā hoʻohiki net-zero i nā makahiki ʻelua e hiki mai ana. Aia nā ʻoihana Telecom a me nā kikowaena data ma mua o ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā hoʻoiho kalapona me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana i nā kumu mana ikehu hou. ʻO nā mea a pau e hāpai i ka ulu wikiwiki o  ʻO nā pākahi lithium ion i ka ʻimi ʻana o nā ʻoihana i nā ala e hōʻoia ai i ka hoʻihoʻi hilinaʻi a me ke kaulike ʻana o ka grid.

l Hoʻohālikelike ʻAno Huahana

Ma muli o ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka cobalt, ʻo ka pahu cobalt-free kekahi o nā ʻano hoʻomohala o nā pā lithium-ion. High-voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) me ke kiʻekiʻe theoretical ikehu mānoanoa o kekahi o ka loa olelo hoopomaikai Co-noa cathode mea i ka hou. Eia hou, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena hoʻokolohua e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hana paikikala a me ka C-rate o ka pākaukau LNMO me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka electrolyte semi-solid. Hiki ke noi ʻia e hiki i ka anionic COF ke komo ikaika i ka Mn3+/Mn2+ a me Ni2+ ma o ka pilina Coulomb, e kāohi ana i kā lākou neʻe ʻana i ka anode. No laila, e pōmaikaʻi kēia hana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mea cathode LNMO.

l Ka Hoʻohālua ʻĀpana

ʻO Asia-Pākīpika ka mākeke pākahi lithium-ion nui loa e 2030, e alakaʻi ʻia e nā ponohana a me nā ʻoihana. E loaʻa iā ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me ʻEulopa me kahi mākeke o $ 7.07 biliona ma 2030, e ulu ana mai $ 1.24 biliona ma 2021 ma kahi CAGR o 21.3%. ʻO ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me ʻEulopa ka mākeke nui loa e hiki mai ana ma muli o kā lākou mau pahuhopu e decarbonize i kā lākou ʻoihana a me ka grid i nā makahiki ʻelua e hiki mai ana. E ʻike ʻo LATAM i ka ulu ulu kiʻekiʻe loa ma kahi CAGR o 21.4% ma muli o kona liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me ka waihona haʻahaʻa.

7 Nā mea e noʻonoʻo ai no nā Bateri Lithium Ion Kiʻekiʻe

Ke kūʻai aku nei i kahi mea hoʻohuli solar optical, ʻaʻole wale ke kumukūʻai a me ka maikaʻi e pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia, pono e mālama ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe.

l Ka Paʻa Pahu

ʻO ka Energy density ka nui o ka ikehu i mālama ʻia i kēlā me kēia leo. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe me ka liʻiliʻi o ke kaumaha a me ka nui ma waena o nā pōʻai hoʻopaʻa.

Lau  Loa

ʻO ka palekana kekahi mea koʻikoʻi o nā pā lithium-ion mai ka pahū ʻana a me ke ahi e hiki mai ana i ka wā e hoʻouka ai a hoʻokuʻu ʻia paha, no laila pono ke koho i nā pihi me nā mīkini palekana i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia, e like me nā mea ʻike wela a me nā mea pale.

l ʻAno

ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona hou loa i ka ʻoihana pākaukau lithium-ion ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenekini solid-state, e hāʻawi ana i nā ʻano o nā pono e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe a me ka lōʻihi o ke ola. No ka laʻana, e hoʻonui nui ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pihi paʻa i nā kaʻa uila i ko lākou ākea ākea a me ka palekana.

l Ka helu o ka hoʻouka ʻana

ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻouka ʻana e pili ana i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana o ka pākaukau me ka palekana. I kekahi manawa, lōʻihi ka manawa o ka pila ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana.

l Ke ola ana

 ʻAʻohe pākaukau e holo no ke ola holoʻokoʻa akā loaʻa ka lā pau. E nānā i ka lā pau ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻana. He lōʻihi ke ola o nā pākahi Lithium ion ma muli o kāna kemika akā ʻokoʻa kēlā me kēlā me kēia pākahi ma muli o ke ʻano, nā kikoʻī a me ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā pākaukau kiʻekiʻe no ka mea ua hana ʻia lākou me nā mea maikaʻi o loko.