Yini iThin-film Solar Panels

1. Yini iThin-film Solar Panels?

Ngokungafani namaseli elanga esizukulwane sokuqala enziwa nge-silicon eyodwa-noma i-multi-crystalline, amaphaneli elanga amancane efilimu akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ungqimba olulodwa noma eziningi zezinto ze-PV phezu kwendawo ehlanganisa ingilazi ehlukahlukene, ipulasitiki, noma insimbi ukuze iguqulwe. ukukhanya kwelanga kugesi. Futhi okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kubuchwepheshe belanga obuncane befilimu i-cadmium telluride (CdTe), i-copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), i-amorphous silicon (a-Si), ne-gallium arsenide (GaAs).

2 Isakhiwo Samaphaneli elanga e-Thin-film

I-Thin-film I-Solar Panels iqukethe inani elikhulu lamaseli elanga efilimu encane futhi asebenzisa amandla okukhanya (amafotoni) avela eLangeni ukuze akhiqize ugesi ngomphumela we-photovoltaic. Kuhlanganisa futhi izendlalelo, i-backsheet kanye nebhokisi lokuhlangana, konke kusebenza ndawonye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuvamile kwamaphaneli elanga.

Ayini amaseli elanga eThin-film?

Amaseli elanga anefilimu emincane ayizinto zikagesi eziguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube amandla kagesi ngomphumela we-photovoltaic.Amaseli efilimu azacile athambekele ekusebenziseni okubalulekile okuncane kakhulu -indawo esebenzayo yeseli ivamise ukujiya nge-micrometer engu-1 kuya kwayi-10. Futhi, amaseli amafilimu amancane ngokuvamile angakhiqizwa ngenqubo yendawo enkulu, okungaba inqubo yokukhiqiza ezenzakalelayo, eqhubekayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphaneli elanga anefilimu elincanyana asebenzisa ungqimba oluncane lwe-oxide ekhanyayo, njenge-tin oxide ukuze asebenze. Ngenkathi amaseli efilimu elizacile enziwe ngezinhlayiya eziningi zekristalu ezincane zezinto ze-semiconductor ukuze adale kangcono inkambu kagesi ene-interface, ebizwa ngokuthi i-heterojunction. I-Generalloy yalolu hlobo lwemishini emincane yefilimu ingenziwa njengeyunithi eyodwa - okungukuthi, i-monolithically -nongqimba phezu kongqimba olufakwa ngokulandelana kwelinye i-substrate, okuhlanganisa ukubekwa kwe-antireflection coating kanye ne-oxide eqhuba obala.

Ziyini izendlalelo?

Ngokuvamile iphaneli yelanga enefilimu elincanyana inesendlalelo esincane kakhulu (esingaphansi kuka-0.1 micron) phezulu esibizwa ngokuthi "iwindi" ukuze limunce amandla okukhanya avela ekugcineni kwamandla aphezulu kuphela e-spectrum. Kumelwe ibe mncane ngokwanele futhi ibe ne-bandgap ebanzi ngokwanele (2.8 eV noma ngaphezulu) ukuze ivumele konke ukukhanya okutholakalayo kusixhumi esibonakalayo (i-heterojunction) kuya kusendlalelo esimuncayo. Isendlalelo esimuncayo ngaphansi kwefasitela, ngokuvamile esine-p-type, esifakwe ukumuncwa okuphezulu (ikhono lokumunca ama-photon) wamanje ophezulu kanye negebe lebhendi elifanelekile ukuze linikeze i-voltage enhle.

Yini i-backsheet?

Njenge-polymer noma inhlanganisela yama-polymers anezithasiselo ezihlukahlukene, i-backsheet yakhelwe ukunikeza umgoqo phakathi kwamaseli elanga kanye nemvelo yangaphandle. Lapho singabona khona ukuthi i-backsheet iyingxenye ebalulekile ekuqina, ukusebenza kahle, nokuphila isikhathi eside kwephaneli yelanga.

Liyini ibhokisi lokuhlangana?

Njengendawo kagesi evalekile esetshenziselwa ukufaka nokuvikela ukuxhumana kukagesi, ibhokisi lokuhlangana liklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukunikeza indawo ephephile nevikelekile yokuxhuma ugesi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuthintana ngephutha nezintambo ezibukhoma nokwenza lula ukunakekelwa noma ukulungiswa kwesikhathi esizayo. Ngokuvamile ibhokisi le-PV junction linamathiselwe ngemuva kwephaneli yelanga futhi lisebenza njengesixhumi esibonakalayo esiphumayo. Ukuxhumeka kwangaphandle kwamamojula amaningi e-photovoltaic kusebenzisa izixhumi ze-MC4 ukuze kube lula ukuxhumana okungamelana nesimo sezulu kulo lonke uhlelo. Isixhumi esibonakalayo samandla e-USB singasetshenziswa.

3 Umlando Wokuthuthuka Wamaphaneli elanga e-Thin-film

Umlando wamaphaneli elanga acwebezelayo uhlehlela emuva kuma-1970s, lapho abacwaningi beqala ukuhlola isibhakela ngokusetshenziswa kwefilimu elincanyana (a-Si) lama-semiconductors ukuze kusetshenziswe amandla elanga, ngaleso sikhathi isithakazelo kubuchwepheshe befilimu emincane ukuze kusetshenziswe ezohwebo. kanye nezicelo ze-aerospace zikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamadivayisi we-solar amorphous silicon thin-film.

Ngawo-1980, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe yasiza ukwanda kwezinto ezikhona zefilimu ezacile zaba ezintsha, njenge-cadmium telluride (CdTe) kanye ne-copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), enekhono eliphezulu lokuguqula kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi.

1990s kanye 2000s kwaba isikhathi senqubekelaphambili ebalulekile ekuhloleni izinto ezintsha zesizukulwane sesithathu solar-izinto ezinamandla okunqoba imingcele yokusebenza kahle kwethiyori yezinto zendabuko zombuso oqinile. Imikhiqizo emisha enjengamaseli elanga azwela udayi, amaseli elanga e-quantum dot athuthukiswa.

Ngawo-2010 nasekuqaleni kwawo-2020, ukuqanjwa kabusha kobuchwepheshe belanga obuncane befilimu kufake imizamo yokwandisa ubuchwepheshe belanga besizukulwane sesithathu ekusetshenzisweni okusha kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza. Ngo-2004, i-National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) yazuza ukusebenza kahle okurekhodiwe komhlaba okungu-19.9% ​​kumojula yefilimu encane ye-CIGS.Ngo-2022, amaseli elanga ahlanganiswe ne-organic thin-film ahlanganiswe nendwangu.

Kulezi zinsuku, amaseli elanga athambile ahlanganiswe ekwenziweni kwawo awenza ukhetho olungcono kunamaphaneli e-silicon evamile.Futhi ubuchwepheshe befilimu encane buthwebule cishe u-19% wesamba se-U.S. isabelo semakethe ngonyaka ofanayo, okuhlanganisa u-30% wokukhiqizwa kwesikali sosizo.

4.Izinhlobo zama-Solar Panel

Kunezinhlobo eziningana zezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amaseli elanga amancane amafilimu elanga, ngokusekelwe ezintweni zawo zokusetshenziswa, angahlukaniswa abe izinhlobo ezine. 

l I-Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Amaphaneli e-Thin-Film awuhlobo lwephaneli yelanga esebenzisa ungqimba oluncane lwe-cadmium telluride olufakwe ku-substrate material, njengengilazi noma insimbi engagqwali, njengempahla ye-semiconductor. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ilula futhi kulula ukuyifaka, futhi inokukhiqiza amandla aphezulu ezimweni zokukhanya okuphansi, okusho ukuthi ingakwazi ukukhiqiza ugesi ngisho nasesimweni sezulu esinamafu noma esisibekele. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amaphaneli elanga e-CdTe thin-film solar afinyelele ekusebenzeni kahle okungu-19% ngaphansi Kwemibandela Yokuhlola Okujwayelekile (STC), kodwa amaseli elanga elilodwa azuze ukusebenza kahle kuka-22.1%. Kodwa-ke, kunokukhathazeka okuthile ngobuthi be-cadmium, njengoba iyinsimbi esindayo engabangela ukulimala kwemvelo uma ingalahlwanga kahle.

l I-Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) I-Thin-Film Panels ikhiqizwa ngokubeka ungqimba lwe-electrode ye-molybdenum (Mo) phezu kwe-substrate ngokusebenzisa inqubo yokufafaza. Uma kuqhathaniswa nobunye ubuchwepheshe be-PV, busebenza kahle kakhulu futhi bangafinyelela ukusebenza kahle kwethiyori okungama-33% ngokuzayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azijwayele ukuqhekeka noma ukuphuka futhi zisebenza kalula. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwalezi zinzuzo, izindleko zibiza kakhulu kunezinye ubuchwepheshe, ezingase ziphazamise ukuqhubeka kwazo.

l I-Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) Amaphaneli e-Thin-Film akhiqizwa ngokucubungula amapuleti engilazi noma ama-substrates aguquguqukayo, kanye nokucushwa kwe-p-i-n noma i-n-i-p. Izinzuzo zamaphaneli e-a-Si thin-film zifaka phakathi ukuguquguquka kwawo kanye nokwakhiwa okungasindi, okuwenza alungele ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni eziphathwayo, ezifana nokukhempa noma ukunika amandla izinzwa ezikude. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ingilazi ye-conductive yalawa maphaneli ibiza futhi inqubo ihamba kancane, intengo yayo ibiza cishe u-$0.69/W.

l I-Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Amaphaneli e-Thin-Film ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunamaseli elanga ajwayelekile efilimu emincane yenqubo yokukhiqiza. Kuhle ukusho ukuthi bafinyelela ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu okufika ku-39.2% futhi bamelana kakhulu nokushisa nomswakama. Noma kunjalo, isikhathi sokukhiqiza, izindleko zezinto zokwakha, nezinto zokukhula eziphakeme, zikwenza kube ukukhetha okungasebenzi kahle .

5.Ukusetshenziswa kwama-Solar Panel efilimu Encane

Njengesigaba esisafufusa sezinye izindlela ze-silicon photovoltaics, amaphaneli elanga amancane anefilimu asetshenziswa kakhulu kulezi zinkambu ezilandelayo.

l Ama-Photovoltaics Ahlanganisiwe Esakhiwo(BIPV)

Njengoba amaphaneli efilimu emincane ye-PV angafinyelela ku-90% elula kunamaphaneli e-silicon, isicelo esisodwa esiqala ukuthandwa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke i-BIPV, lapho ama-solar panel enamathiselwe kumathayili ophahleni, iwindi, izakhiwo ezibuthakathaka njalonjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho,  ezinye izinhlobo zefilimu encane ye-PV ingenziwa i-semi-transparent, esiza ukugcina ubuhle bezindlu nezakhiwo ngenkathi kuvumela ithuba lokukhiqiza amandla elanga.

l Izinhlelo zokusebenza zesikhala

Ngenxa yezinzuzo ze-lightweight, esebenza kahle kakhulu, izinga lokushisa elibanzi lokusebenza, ngisho nokumelana nokulimala ngokumelene nemisebe, ama-solar panels acwecwe amafilimu amancane, ikakhulukazi ama-solar panels e-CIGS kanye ne-GaAs, abe yinto ekahle yokusetshenziswa kwendawo.

l Izimoto kanye nezicelo zasolwandle

Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwamaphaneli elanga acwebezelayo efilimu ukufakwa kwamamojula e-PV aguquguqukayo ophahleni lwezimoto (ikakhulukazi ama-RV noma amabhasi) kanye nezitezi zezikebhe neminye imikhumbi, engasetshenziswa ukunika amandla ugesi ngesikhathi esifanayo igcina ubuhle.

l Izinhlelo eziphathwayo

Ukuphatheka kwayo nosayizi kuyinikeze intuthuko esimeme emkhakheni omncane we-elekthronikhi ozenzela amandla kanye ne-Intanethi Yezinto (IoT), okulindeleke ukuthi ikhule kakhulu eminyakeni ezayo. Futhi ngokuthuthuka kwayo, ingasetshenziswa futhi ezindaweni ezikude ezinamaphaneli elanga agoqekayo, amabhange kagesi welanga, amalaptop anamandla elanga nokunye.

6.Amathrendi okuThuthukiswa kwama-Solar Panel efilimu Encane

Ngokwamukelwa okukhulayo kwamandla elanga emhlabeni wonke, ukuqaliswa kwemikhawulo eqinile yamandla kanye nemizamo ekhulayo kahulumeni yokuhlanganisa imithombo eluhlaza kugridi, amaphaneli elanga anefilimu emincane kulindeleke ukuthi afinyelele cishe ku-USD 27.11 billion ngo-2030 nge-CAGR emangalisayo engu-8.29% 2022 kuze 2030 Ukwenyuka kuqhutshwa yizinzuzo zayo kanye ne-R&D, njengoba ayonga ngokwedlulele futhi adalwe kalula, sebenzisa impahla encane futhi akhiqize imfucuza encane. Futhi i-R&I-D yokuthuthukisa ukukhuthazela nokusebenza kahle kwamaseli elanga izophinde idale amathuba amasha okukhula kwemakethe.

Nokho, amathuba ahlangana nenselelo. Amazinga aphezulu okuncintisana, indawo yokulawula eshintshayo kanye nokuba khona kwezimali eziyivelakancane nezinsiza kusho ukuthi okwamanje bangase bangakwazi ukuthatha ingxenye enkulu yesabelo semakethe yomhlaba.

7 Ukuhlaziywa Kokutshalwa Kwezimali Kwamaphaneli eSolar acwebezelayo

Imakethe yamaseli elanga anefilimu emincane ibonakala ithuthuka eminyakeni yamuva, eqhutshwa yizinto ezimbalwa.

l Ukuhlaziywa Kohlobo Lomkhiqizo

Ngo-2018, i-CdTe ikhiqize ugesi ngentengo ephansi kakhulu kunaleyo noma ngokulingana naleyo yemithombo yamandla kaphethiloli evamile. Ngenxa yezindleko zayo ezingenabo ubuthi, ezishibhile zokusebenza nezokukhiqiza, okwamanje isigaba se-cadmium telluride siphethe imakethe yamangqamuzana elanga yefilimu emincane yomhlaba wonke, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi sizoqhubeka sikhula ngesivinini esisheshayo phakathi nesikhathi sokubikezela.

l Ukuhlaziya komsebenzisi wokugcina

Intuthuko ekhuphukayo kanye nocwaningo lokwehlisa izindleko zokufakwa nokulungiswa kwezindleko zingakhuphula izidingo zabathengi. Ngo-2022, imakethe yezinsiza ibibusa imakethe yamaseli elanga amafilimu amancane, futhi kubikezelwa ukuthi izoqhubeka nokukhula ngesivinini esisheshayo phakathi nesikhathi sokubikezela. . Njengoba amaphaneli elanga anefilimu emincane ewohloka ngesivinini esincane kakhulu, anikeza enye indlela engaba khona kumaphaneli elanga e-c-Si endabuko.

l Ukuhlaziywa Kwesifunda

I-Asia-Pacific yayiyisifunda esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni samaseli elanga anefilimu emincane ngo-2022, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi izoqhubeka nokukhula ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu, eliqhutshwa yizinto eziningi. Isibonelo, njengezimakethe ezinkulu ze-solar PV emhlabeni jikelele, i-China izophakamisa umgomo wamandla avuselelekayo ukusuka ku-20% ukuya ku-35% ngo-2030. Futhi izinsizakusebenza ze-photovoltaic zelanga e-China ikakhulukazi zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe befilimu emincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iJapan iphinde yamemezela inhloso yayo yokusebenzisa amandla asimeme kuphela ekuqhubekeni phambili.

8 Izinto Okufanele Uzicabange Ngama-Solar Panel Ekhwalithi Ephezulu Yefilimu Encane

Lapho uthenga ama-solar panel, hhayi kuphela intengo nekhwalithi okufanele kucatshangelwe, ezinye izici kufanele futhi zigcinwe engqondweni.

l Ukusebenza kahle: Ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kungaguqula amandla amaningi elanga abe ugesi. Ngokuvamile ukuba nenani eliphakeme labathwali bokushaja kungakhuphula ukusebenza kahle kweseli yelanga ngokwandisa ukuhanjiswa. Ukwengezwa kwe-concentrator esitokisini selanga akugcini nje ukusiza ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle, kodwa futhi kunganciphisa isikhala, izinto zokwakha, kanye nezindleko ezidingekayo ukukhiqiza iseli.

l Ukuqina kanye nempilo yonke: Amanye amamojula amafilimu amancane nawo anezinkinga ngokuwohloka ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene. Phakathi kwazo zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo, i-CdTe ebonisa ukumelana okungcono kakhulu nokonakala kokusebenza ngezinga lokushisa. Futhi ngokungafani nezinye izinto zefilimu ezacile, i-CdTe ivamise ukukwazi ukumelana nezimo zemvelo ezifana nezinga lokushisa nomswakama, kodwa amaphaneli e-CdTe aguquguqukayo angase abe nokuwohloka kokusebenza ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okusetshenzisiwe noma ubunzima.

l Isisindo: Isho ukuminyana kwephaneli yelanga enefilimu elincanyana. Ngokuvamile, iphaneli yelanga yefilimu emincane inesisindo esincane ngakho akufanele wesabe ukusebenzisa isisindo esifile ophahleni lwakho. Noma kunjalo, isisindo sisadinga ukucatshangelwa lapho kukhethwa ezinye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ngeke zilayishwe ngokweqile ukuze zifakwe.

l Izinga lokushisa: Lokhu kusho izinga lokushisa eliphansi neliphezulu lapho iphaneli yelanga yeThin Film ingasebenza khona. Ngokuvamile, wonke amaphaneli elanga angcono kakhulu efilimu emincane acatshangelwa ukuthi anezinga lokushisa elincane elingu -40°C kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphakeme elingu-80°C.