He aha ka Thin-film Solar Panels

1. He aha ke ʻano o nā Panel Solar Thin-film?

ʻAʻole e like me nā pūnaewele lā o ka hanauna mua i hana ʻia me ka silikoni hoʻokahi a i ʻole multi-crystalline, hana ʻia nā paneli solar kiʻiʻoniʻoni me ka hoʻohana ʻana i hoʻokahi a i ʻole mau ʻāpana o nā mea PV ma luna o kahi ʻili i loaʻa i nā ʻano aniani, plastik, a metala paha e hoʻololi ai. ka lā i ka uila. A ʻo nā mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻenehana solar kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni ʻo cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), amorphous silicon (a-Si), a me gallium arsenide (GaAs).

2 ʻO ke ʻano o nā Panel Solar kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi

ʻO nā Panel Solar kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi he heluna nui o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni solar cell a hoʻohana i ka ikehu māmā (photons) mai ka Lā e hana i ka uila ma o ka hopena photovoltaic. Aia pū kekahi i nā papa, backsheet a me ka pahu hui, hana pū lākou a pau e hōʻoia i ka hana maʻamau o nā panela lā.

He aha ke ʻano o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni solar?

ʻO nā pūnaewele lā o ka lā he mau mea uila e hoʻololi i ka lā i ka ikehu uila e ka hopena photovoltaic. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana liʻiliʻi o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi - ʻo 1 a 10 micrometers ka mānoanoa o ke kelepona. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hana pinepine ʻia nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi ma kahi kaʻina hana nui, hiki ke hana i kahi kaʻina hana hoʻomau.

ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, hoʻohana nā panela solar kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni i kahi ʻāpana lahilahi o kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe alohilohi, e like me ka tin oxide e hana. ʻOiai ua hana ʻia nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā mea semiconductor e hana maikaʻi ai i ke kahua uila me kahi interface, i kapa ʻia he heterojunction. Hiki ke hana ʻia ʻo Generalloy i kēia ʻano mea kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana hoʻokahi - ʻo ia hoʻi, monolithically - me ka papa ma luna o ka papa e waiho ʻia ma luna o kekahi substrate, me ka waiho ʻana o kahi uhi antireflection a me ka oxide conducting transparent.

He aha ka papa?

ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ka panel solar kiʻiʻoniʻoni (emi iho ma mua o 0.1 micron) ma luna i kapa ʻia ʻo ka "window" layer e hoʻomoʻa i ka ikehu māmā mai ka hopena kiʻekiʻe o ka spectrum. Pono e lahilahi a loaʻa i kahi bandgap ākea (2.8 eV a ʻoi aʻe paha) e hoʻokuʻu i nā kukui āpau ma o ka interface (heterojunction) i ka papa hoʻomoe. ʻO ka papa hoʻoheheʻe ma lalo o ka puka makani, maʻamau doped p-type, hoʻolako ʻia me kahi absorptivity kiʻekiʻe (hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā kiʻi) no ke au kiʻekiʻe a me kahi ʻāpana hui kūpono e hāʻawi i kahi uila maikaʻi.

He aha ka pepa hope?

Ma ke ʻano he polymer a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana o nā polymers me nā mea hoʻohui like ʻole, ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka backsheet e hāʻawi i kahi pale ma waena o nā pūnāwai lā a me ka kaiapuni waho. Mai kahi e hiki ai iā mākou ke ʻike i ka pepa hope he mea koʻikoʻi i ka lōʻihi, ka pono, a me ka lōʻihi o ka panel solar.

He aha ka pahu hui?

Ma ke ʻano he pā uila i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hale a pale i nā pili uila, ua hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia ka pahu hui no ka hoʻolako ʻana i kahi wahi palekana a paʻa no nā pili uila i mea e pale ai i ka hoʻopili ʻana me nā uea ola a maʻalahi i ka mālama ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻoponopono ʻana. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻopili ʻia kahi pahu junction PV i ke kua o ka panel solar a hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano o kāna mea hoʻopuka. Hoʻohana nā pilina waho no ka hapa nui o nā modula photovoltaic i nā mea hoʻohui MC4 e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā pilina maʻalahi i ka wā i ke koena o ka ʻōnaehana. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi mana USB.

3 ʻO ka Moʻolelo Hoʻomohala ʻana o nā Panel Solar Thin-film

ʻO ka mōʻaukala o nā paneli solar kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni mai ka makahiki 1970, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai nā mea noiʻi i kā lākou ʻimi mua ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni lahilahi (a-Si) o nā semiconductor e hoʻohana ai i ka ikehu lā, i kēlā manawa i ka hoihoi i ka ʻenehana kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kālepa. a me nā noi aerospace e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenekini amorphous silicon thin-film solar.

I ka makahiki 1980, ua maʻalahi ka holomua o ka ʻenehana i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā mea kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi i loaʻa i nā mea hou, e like me ka cadmium telluride (CdTe) a me ka copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻololi ʻana a me nā kumu hana haʻahaʻa.

ʻO 1990s a me 2000s he manawa o ka holomua nui i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea hou o nā hanauna hou o ka lā-mea me ka hiki ke lanakila i nā palena kūpono no nā mea kuʻuna solid-state. ʻO nā huahana hou Mang e like me nā cell solar dye-sensitized, quantum dot solar cell i kūkulu ʻia.

I nā makahiki 2010 a me nā makahiki 2020, ua hoʻokomo ka hana hou i ka ʻenehana solar kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni i nā hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻonui i ke kolu o ka ʻenehana solar i nā noi hou a e hoʻemi i nā kumukūʻai hana. I ka makahiki 2004, ua loaʻa i ka National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) ka hoʻopaʻa moʻolelo o ka honua he 19.9% ​​no kahi module kiʻiʻoniʻoni CIGS.

I kēia mau lā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke koho ʻana i nā ʻenekini kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni maʻalahi i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o nā mea hana. ka māhele mākeke i ka makahiki hoʻokahi, me ka 30% o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka pono.

4. ʻO nā ʻano o nā Panel Solar

Nui nā ʻano mea i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni solar cell, e pili ana i kā lākou mau mea maka, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻehā ʻano. 

l ʻO Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Thin-Film Panels he ʻano o ka panel solar e hoʻohana ana i kahi ʻāpana lahilahi o ka cadmium telluride i waiho ʻia ma kahi mea substrate, e like me ke aniani a i ʻole ke kila kila, e like me ka mea semiconductor. ʻAʻole wale ka māmā a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻokomo, loaʻa iā lākou ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe i nā kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohua i ka uila i loko o ke ao ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hiki i ka CdTe thin-film solar panels i ka 19% pono ma lalo o Standard Testing Conditions (STC), akā ua loaʻa i nā cell solar hoʻokahi ka pono o 22.1%. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau hopohopo e pili ana i ka ʻona o ka cadmium, no ka mea, he metala kaumaha ia e hiki ke hōʻeha i ke kaiapuni inā ʻaʻole e hoʻolei pono ʻia.

l Hana ʻia nā ʻāpana kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) ma ke kau ʻana i kahi papa electrode molybdenum (Mo) ma luna o ka substrate ma o ke kaʻina sputtering. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻenehana PV ʻē aʻe, loaʻa iā lākou ka hana kiʻekiʻe a hiki ke hoʻokō i ka pono theoretical o 33% i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole lākou i maʻalahi i ka haki ʻana a i ʻole ka haki ʻana a maʻalahi ka hana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai kēia mau pōmaikaʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kumukūʻai ma mua o nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻopilikia i kā lākou hoʻomohala hou ʻana.

l Hoʻokumu ʻia nā Panels Thin-Film Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) e ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pā aniani a i ʻole nā ​​substrate maʻalahi, me kahi hoʻonohonoho p-i-n a i ʻole n-i-p. ʻO nā mea maikaʻi o nā panela kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni a-Si e pili ana i ko lākou maʻalahi a me ka hana maʻalahi, kahi e kūpono ai lākou no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā noi lawe lima, e like me ka hoʻomoana a i ʻole ka mana o nā naʻau mamao. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai he pipiʻi ke aniani conductive no kēia mau panela a ua lohi ke kaʻina hana, ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi o kona kumukūʻai ma kahi o $0.69/W.

l Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o nā Panels Thin-Film ma mua o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni maʻamau maʻamau o ka hana hana. He mea kūpono ke haʻi ʻana ua loaʻa iā lākou nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 39.2% a ʻoi aku ka pale ʻana i ka wela a me ka wai. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka manawa hana, ke kumukūʻai no nā mea waiwai, a me nā mea ulu kiʻekiʻe, e hana ia i kahi koho liʻiliʻi.

5. Nā hoʻohana ʻana o nā Panel Solar kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi

Ma ke ʻano he papa e puka mai ana o nā mea ʻokoʻa i nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā panela solar kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma nā kahua aʻe.

l Hale-Hoʻohui Kiʻi Kiʻi (BIPV)

No ka mea hiki i ka 90% ka māmā o nā panela PV kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma mua o nā panela silika, hoʻokahi noi e hoʻomaka ana e lilo i mea kaulana i ka honua holoʻokoʻa ʻo BIPV, kahi e hoʻopili ʻia ai nā panela lā i nā tile o ka hale, ka puka makani, nā hale nāwaliwali a pēlā aku. Eia hou,  Hiki ke hana ʻia kekahi mau ʻano kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni PV semi-transparent, e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka nani no nā hale a me nā hale me ka ʻae ʻana i ka hiki ke hana ʻia ka mana o ka lā.

l Nā noi lewa

Ma muli o nā pōmaikaʻi o ka māmā māmā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, kahi ākea ākea o ka hana ʻana, a me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka pōʻino i ka radiation, ʻo nā paneli solar kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi, ʻoi aku ka CIGS a me GaAs solar panels, he mea kūpono no nā noi ākea.

l Nā kaʻa a me nā noi kai

ʻO kahi hoʻohana maʻamau o nā panela solar kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni ʻo ia ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā modula PV maʻalahi ma luna o nā hale kaʻa (ʻoi aku nā RV a i ʻole nā ​​​​kaʻa kaʻa) a me nā papa o nā waʻa a me nā moku ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka uila a i ka manawa like e mālama i ka nani.

l Nā noi paʻa

ʻO kona portability a me ka nui ua hāʻawi iā ia i kahi hoʻomohala hoʻomau i nā mea uila uila liʻiliʻi a me ka Internet of Things (IoT), i manaʻo ʻia e ulu nui i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana. A me kona holomua ʻana, hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia ma nā wahi mamao me nā panela solar hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia, nā waihona mana o ka lā, nā kamepiula uila a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

6. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā Panel Solar kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi

Me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka ikehu o ka lā ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā palena o ka ikehu ikaika a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ke aupuni e hoʻohui i nā kumu ʻōmaʻomaʻo i loko o ka mānoanoa, manaʻo ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni e pā ma kahi o $ 27.11 biliona e 2030 me kahi CAGR kupaianaha o 8.29% mai. 2022 a hiki 2030 Hoʻonui ʻia ka piʻi ʻana e kona mau pono a me R&D, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana, e hoʻohana i nā mea liʻiliʻi a hoʻemi i ka ʻōpala. A ʻo ka R&D e hoʻonui i ka hoʻomanawanui a me ka hana ʻana i nā manawa hou no ka ulu ʻana o ka mākeke.

Eia naʻe, hui pū nā manawa me nā pilikia. ʻO nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻokūkū, kahi ʻano hoʻoponopono hoʻololi a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kālā liʻiliʻi a me nā kumu waiwai i kēia manawa ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke lawe i kahi ʻāpana nui o ka māhele mākeke honua.

7 ʻO ka hoʻopukapuka kālā ʻana o nā panela solar kiʻiʻoniʻoni

Ke ulu nei ka mākeke no nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni solar i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, kahi i alakaʻi ʻia e kekahi mau kumu.

l Hoʻohālikelike ʻAno Huahana

I ka makahiki 2018, ua hana ʻo CdTe i ka uila ma ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa ma mua a i ʻole ma ke ʻano o nā kumu wahie fossil maʻamau o ka ikehu. Ma muli o kāna mau mea ʻawaʻawa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a me nā kumukūʻai hana, i kēia manawa ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka cadmium telluride i ka mākeke kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni a puni ka honua, a ke manaʻo nei e hoʻomau ʻia ka ulu ʻana ma ka wikiwiki o ka wā wānana.

l Ka Hoʻomākaʻikaʻi Mea hoʻohana

ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka noiʻi e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā kumukūʻai hoʻonohonoho a me ka mālama ʻana e hoʻonui i ka pono o ka mea kūʻai. . Ma muli o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o nā paneli solar kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ka wikiwiki o ka wikiwiki, hāʻawi lākou i kahi koho koho i nā panela solar c-Si kuʻuna.

l Ka Hoʻohālua ʻĀpana

ʻO Asia-Pākīpika ka ʻāina nui loa ma ka honua no nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni solar ma 2022, a ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomau ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu kiʻekiʻe loa, i alakaʻi ʻia e nā kumu he nui. No ka laʻana, ʻo ia ka mākeke PV solar nui loa a puni ka honua, e hoʻāla ʻo Kina i ka pahuhopu no ka ikehu hou mai 20% a i 35% e 2030. A ʻo nā lako Photovoltaic solar ma Kina e hoʻohana nui i ka ʻenehana kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi. Eia kekahi, ua haʻi aku ʻo Iapana i kona manaʻo e hoʻohana wale i ka mana hoʻomau i ka ʻoi aku.

8 Nā mea e noʻonoʻo ai no nā Panel Solar-kiʻiʻoniʻoni kiʻekiʻe

Ke kūʻai aku nei i nā panela solar, ʻaʻole wale ke kumukūʻai a me ka maikaʻi e pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia, pono e mālama ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe.

l Ka pono: Hiki ke hoʻololi i ka ikehu o ka lā i uila. ʻO ka maʻamau ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea lawe uku hiki ke hoʻonui i ka pono o ka cell solar ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka conductivity. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o kahi concentrator i kahi cell solar ʻaʻole ia e kōkua wale i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono, akā hiki nō hoʻi ke hōʻemi i ka wahi, nā mea, a me nā kumukūʻai e pono ai e hana i ke kelepona.

l Ka lōʻihi a me ke ola: He pilikia kekahi me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana ma lalo o nā kūlana like ʻole. Ma waena o nā mea a pau, hōʻike ʻo CdTe i ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa hana me ka mahana. A ʻaʻole like me nā mea kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi ʻē aʻe, hiki ke kūpaʻa ʻo CdTe i nā kūlana kaiapuni e like me ka mahana a me ka makū, akā hiki i nā panela CdTe maʻalahi ke ʻike i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa hana ma lalo o nā koʻikoʻi i kau ʻia.

l Kaumaha: E pili ana ia i ka mānoanoa o ka panel solar kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi. Ma keʻano laulā, ua maʻalahi ke kaumaha o ka panel solar kiʻiʻoniʻoni no laila ʻaʻole ʻoe e makaʻu i ke kau ʻana i ke kaumaha make ma luna o kou hale. Eia nō naʻe, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ke kaumaha i ke koho ʻana i nā mea i mea e hōʻoia ai ʻaʻole e hoʻonui ʻia no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana.

l Ka wela: ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka wela liʻiliʻi a me ka wela loa e hiki ai i ka Thin Film solar panel ke hana. Ma keʻano laulā, manaʻo ʻia nā panela solar kiʻi ʻoniʻoni maikaʻi loa he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o -40°C a me ka wela kiʻekiʻe o 80°C.