Bayyana batirin motar lantarki Me yasa fashewa

2022/04/08

Mawallafi: Iflowpower -Mai Bayar da Tashar Wutar Lantarki

Sabbin abubuwan hawa makamashi mai ƙarfi na batirin lithium kwanan nan haɗarin mota na lantarki ya damu sosai, don haka a yau, mai da hankali kan amincin motocin lantarki. Ina so in gabatar muku da bangarori hudu, da farko, kididdigar hadarin mota na lantarki. Wannan shi ne taƙaitaccen dalilan da suka sa motocin da ke amfani da wutar lantarki na ƙasashen waje suka kunna kansu tun a shekarun baya-bayan nan, kuma yana da muhimmanci a yi hatsari.

Hasali ma, motocin dakon mai za su samu wuta bayan sun yi karo, wato wutar kididdigan cikin gida. Akwai irin wadannan 'yan fasali a cikin kasar: na farko, batirin Yuan uku ne, haka nan kuma sinadarin phosphate din lithium iron phosphate ne, yana da muhimmanci ya zama baturi na ternary, fiye da rabi. Na biyu, batirin Silindrical ya fi yawa, wannan yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan mafi mahimmanci, saboda harsashi ne na karfe, girmansa yana da ƙarfi, don haka da zarar yanayin zafi ya ƙare, zai fashe, wanda zai kunna sauran batura.

Na uku, hadarin da ya faru na cajin wuta ya yi yawa. Gabaɗaya, idan baturin bai yi zafi ba bayan ya sauke zuwa wani zurfin ƙasa, gabaɗayan thermal ɗin da ba a sarrafa shi ba ya cika, don haka yana da sauƙin haifarwa yayin caji, saboda ana haɗa batir da tsarin caji tare, kuma yana da zafi. rashin sarrafawa Lokacin da ya fi sauƙi, akwai gajeriyar da'ira na kayan aikin lantarki masu ƙarfi, da sauransu, zai kasance da sauƙin haifar da haɗari.

Har ila yau, ta fuskar tsarin, na zamani da na da, na’urar batir ba ta da girma sosai, domin muhimmancin hatsarin shi ne hatsarin da ya faru a ‘yan shekarun nan na farko, gaba daya kallon tsarin bai yi yawa ba. , ba Sosai ya fi ƙarfin batura da muke tunani. Ya kamata a ce ma'aunin zafi da sanyio na baturi shine babban abin da ke haifar da wadannan hadurran, menene zafi daga sarrafa batura? Matsakaicin zafin baturi ya kai baturi mai dannawa zai sami mummunar amsawar sarkar, amsawar amsawa, don haka yanayin zafi ya tashi da sauri, mafi girman gudu zai iya kaiwa yanayin zafi a cikin dakika daya, don haka saurinsa yana da sauri sosai. Menene dalilin rashin kulawar thermal? Na farko shi ne cewa baturi yana zafi fiye da kima.

Kawai yace baturin yayi zafi kuma zaiyi zafi. Akwai dalilai daban-daban na yawan zafi. Yana iya yiwuwa fakitin baturi da kansa bai yi daidai ba, akwai zafin jiki na yanki, yawan caji, waje Dalilin wannan wutar lantarki, gajeriyar kewayawa, da dai sauransu.

za exotherm, kazalika da inji dalilai, karin ruwa, ba mai kyau, karo, da dai sauransu Bari mu dubi babban dalilin wadannan hatsarori, muna ganin shi ne samfurin ingancin matsala. Matsalolin ingancin samfur suna nufin samfur a ƙira, ƙira, tabbatarwa, ba tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙa'idodin fasaha da ƙa'idodi masu dacewa ba.

Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan uku guda uku, na farko, tabbacin gwajin samfurin baturi; na biyu, bambancin dogara yayin amfani da abin hawa; na uku, cajin fasahar sarrafa aminci yana da matsaloli. Bari mu yi nazarin waɗannan bangarorin. Na farko, gwajin samfurin baturi bai isa ba.

Tunda tsarin manufofin tallafin tallafi shine shekara guda, bai dace sosai da zagayowar ci gaban samfur ba. Misali, inganta tsarin sinadarai namu gabaɗaya ya fi shekara ɗaya, amma saboda kamfani yana bin gargaɗin tallafin, makauniyar neman makamashi mai ƙarfi fiye da takamaiman, yana rage lokacin tantancewar gwaji. Wani lokaci don rage sake zagayowar ci gaba, hanyar inganta jiki galibi ana fifita su, kamar kauri kayan aiki na baturi, diaphragm na bakin ciki, ta yadda batirin ya karu, amma aikin aminci yana raguwa.

Na biyu shi ne cewa hanyoyin gwajin batirin lantarki ba cikakke ba ne, kuma yanayin amfani da ainihin motar ba za a iya nunawa ba. Babban babban ɓangaren kamfanin baya kafa ma'aunin gwajin amincin batirin cikin kamfanin, wasu kamfanoni ba su da ƙarfin gwajin amincin batir, Ingancin samarwa bai yi daidai ba. Dalili na uku shine a yanzu, amincin yana raguwa yayin amfani da tsufa.

Misali, tasirin hana ruwa mara kyau a cikin cikakken yanayin rayuwa. Gabaɗaya, hatimin baturin mu shine ya wuce ma'aunin IP67, amma bayan an yi amfani da abin hawa, hatimin zai lalace, wanda zai haifar da ruwa cikin ruwa, cikin sauƙi. Haka kuma, kamar waldar batir na Laser, ciki na wurin waldawan yana da saurin kamuwa da kuraje, wanda hakan zai haifar da sabon cikas, wanda hakan kan haifar da matsanancin zafin jiki, wanda ke haifar da yanayin zafi.

Akwai kuma tsufa na tsarin baturi da na'urorin lantarki masu ƙarfin ƙarfin caja. Misali, contactor da muke caji akai-akai bude, wani lokacin zai baka, sakamakon wannan kona ko adhesion na high zafin jiki da contactor surface, zai zama short-circuited, za zazzabi, Waɗannan su ne dalilan zafi hasãra. Dalili na hudu shine yin caji, ba a daidaita tsarin sadarwar bayanai yayin caji, kuma masu kera masana'antun BMS da caja ba su da tsauraran aiwatar da sabbin ka'idojin kasa.

Amintaccen aiki na caji, bisa ga tsarin sarrafa batir ɗinmu, cajin yana da kyau sosai akan aikin wutar lantarki, kuma lokacin da tsarin sarrafa baturi ke sarrafa shi, a halin yanzu ba mu da tsauraran ƙa'idodin aminci na aiki, shine ISO26262 Wannan ka'ida. ba a cika aiwatar da shi ba, wanda kuma ya samo asali ne daga dalilan da suka sa ba mu bi ka'ida ba. Ba a aiwatar da ƙa'idodin da suka dace don amincin caji ba. Misali, relay na cajin mu yakamata ya sami ayyukan bincike, amma wasu don adana farashi.

Tsarin sarrafa baturi da tari na caji Babu kayan aikin da ya dace da na'urar gano abin rufe fuska, kuma da'irar caji da aka kirkira ta hanyar abin hawa da takin caji ba ta cika madaidaicin wutar lantarki na daidaitaccen buƙatun ba, nisan hawa, nauyi, matakin IP, ƙarfin shigarwa, kulle, zazzabi. tashi, yajin walƙiya Duk alamu suna buƙatar cewa BMS bai cika bin jagorar caji ba. Me yasa matsalar inganci ce? Wato, muna cikin ƙira, masana'anta, amfani, da kuma tabbatar da duk fannoni, babu ƙaƙƙarfan yarda tsakanin ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi. Tabbas, muna da wasu, kamar binciken lafiyarmu na shekara-shekara, wannan ya ɓace, amma wannan ba kamfani bane.

Wannan ita ce gwamnati. Abubuwan da za a yi. Baturi mai ƙarfi fiye da ƙarfi yana fuskantar ƙalubalen fasahar tsaro mai ƙarfi, don haka zan yi magana game da wannan matsalar a ƙasa.

Dangane da yanayin batirin lithium na sabon makamashin abin hawa na ƙasata fiye da haɓaka makamashi, nan ba da jimawa ba za mu ci gaba zuwa 300 Watt / kg, nan ba da jimawa ba waɗannan samfuran za su shiga kasuwa, wanda shine abin da ake kira high nickel ternary 811 baturi. Nan ba da jimawa ba za su shiga kasuwa, waɗannan ƙayyadaddun batura masu ƙarfi za su yi girma fiye da fasahar aminci da waɗannan ƙananan batura masu ƙarfi ke fuskanta. Dangane da haka, Jami'ar Tsinghua ta ƙware a cikin ainihin bincike da haɓaka fasahar dakunan gwaje-gwajen amincin baturi.

Anan, zaku gabatar da sakamakon R&D a taƙaice, don bayanin ku. A halin yanzu, Lab Tsaro na Baturi na Jami'ar Tsinghua ya sami haɗin gwiwa sosai tare da kamfanoni na gida da na waje da cibiyoyin bincike, ciki har da BMW, Mercedes, Nissan. Binciken binciken yana cikin bangarori uku na thermal out of control, daya shine dalilin zafi, ciki har da zafi, wutar lantarki, da inji.

Na biyu, menene tsarin thermal daga sarrafawa, wanda ke da kariya a matakin ƙirar kayan aiki. Na uku shi ne yaduwar zafi, da zarar batirin salula bai daina hasarar zafi ba, akwai wata hanya ta kariya ta biyu, wato yaduwar zafin da ba a iya sarrafawa ba a matakin tsarin, matukar yaduwar zai iya hana hadurra. . Muna da zafin baturi mai ƙarfi fiye da ƙarfi daga sarrafawa, ba kawai ta kayan kanta ba, har ma daga matakin tsarin.

Na farko shi ne inji da kuma kashe thermal daga sarrafawa. Mun aiwatar da hanyoyi guda biyu na gwaji, ɗayan shine nau'in calorimeter na dubawa daban-daban don binciken kwanciyar hankali na kayan abu, ɗayan ma'aunin zafi da sanyio don ma'aunin asarar zafi na monomeric baturi. Halaye da yawa na madaidaicin madaidaicin zafin baturi mai ƙarfi daga cikin iko.

Gabaɗaya, lokacin da zafin baturi ya ƙaru zuwa wani wuri, baturin zai zama mai sarrafa kansa. Muna kiran wannan zafin jiki T1, kuma yanayin zafi yana faruwa zuwa wani matsayi, wanda ba zai iya kashewa ba, zafin jiki wanda ba shi da iko, wanda ake kira T2, zafin jiki na ƙarshe ya tashi zuwa mafi girman matsayi TH. Tsarin thermostat ba a sani ba shine muhimmin abu da ke faruwa a cikin T2 zuwa T3.

Gabaɗaya ana la'akari da shi saboda gajeriyar kewayawa, wanda gaskiya ne ga batura na yau da kullun, amma mun gano cewa ba a cikin binciken gaba ɗaya ba. Mun gano cewa babu wani gajeren kewayawa na ciki, wanda yake da zafi daga sarrafawa. Wannan shi ne saboda babban zafin jiki mai jure yanayin zafi mai girma diaphragm na babban takamaiman baturin makamashi bai canza ba, kuma electrolyte ɗin gaba ɗaya ya ɓace, amma a digiri 230-250, iskar oxygen da ƙarancin wutar lantarki suna amsawa a cikin ingantaccen lantarki. canjin lokaci na kayan abu ya bayyana.

Bugu da kari, bari mu dubi bambance-bambance a cikin baturin lithium-ion mai girma uku na abun ciki na nickel daban-daban. Batirin 811 a halin yanzu ya fi 622 ko 532, kuma mafi girman kololuwar 811 sun fi haka girma sosai, yana nuna cewa kwanciyar hankali na thermal na 811 ba shi da kyau. Bayan bincike, ƙaddamarwa ta farko da muka samu ita ce babban injin nickel tabbatacce na lantarki yana da babban tasiri akan duk amincin batir, kuma gurɓataccen wutar lantarki na gawayi na silicon ba babba bane, amma tasirin yana da girma sosai bayan attenuation na sake zagayowar.

Har ila yau, akwai jerin hanyoyin ingantawa, irin su suturar kayan aiki, kuma mun sami sabuwar hanya, wanda shine maye gurbin kyawawan kayan polycrystalline tare da ƙwayoyin crystal guda ɗaya. Tsayayyen yanayin zafi na baturin yana da kyau sosai, ingantaccen tsaro yana da kyakkyawan ci gaba. Na biyu shi ne zafi ya yadu, ainihin hatsarin yana faruwa ne sakamakon yaduwar zafin jiki, wato bayan da baturi monomer ya kare gaba daya, duk fakitin baturi sun bazu, sai wuta ta faru.

Dangane da gwajin mu da kwaikwayi na yaduwar zafin jiki na thermal, an tsara hanyar insulating don ƙara kayan da ke hana zafi a kan hanyar jagorancin canjin zafi. Haƙiƙa binciken gwajin ya sami tasirin yaduwar asarar zafi. Irin wannan fasaha ta Firewall an yi amfani da ita a cikin ka'idojin da suka yadu a cikin motocin lantarki na kasa da kasa.

A bangare na uku, shi ne sanadin asarar zafi da sarrafa batir. Ƙarfafawa ta farko ita ce gajeriyar kewayawa ta ciki, kuma nazarin baturi da baturi mai haɗari an gano cewa igiya mai uniform lokacin da aka kera baturi, da kuma fashewar wurin da aka nade zai faru bayan wani lokaci, wanda ke da sauƙin faruwa. , wanda ke da haɗari ga sarrafa lithium, yana haifar da asarar zafi. Bugu da kari, dattin da ke cikin masana’antu shi ma yana haifar da gajerun da’ira, mukan sanya wannan da ake kira ciwon daji na baturi, domin ban san lokacin da aka jawo shi ba, wani lokacin kuma yakan yi gajere bayan dogon lokaci.

Don wannan, mun ƙirƙiri wata hanya ta gwaji ta gajeriyar kewayawa a cikin baturi, kuma mun cimma abin da ake tsammani a cikin gajerun da'irori ta hanyar dasa allunan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin takamaiman baturi. Bayan mun yi nazari, gajeriyar da’ira ta cikin gida ta kasu kashi hudu, daga cikinsu ma’aunin sinadarin aluminium da na’urar lantarki ne mafi hatsari ga gajeriyar da’ira. Har ila yau, wajibi ne a yi yaƙi da wuri, kuma mun yi jerin bincike, kuma mun sami tsarin juyin halitta mai matakai uku na gajerun da'irori na ciki.

A cikin mataki na farko, kawai ƙarfin wutar lantarki ya ragu, babu hawan zafi; Mataki na biyu yana da hauhawar zafin jiki, kuma mataki na uku yana da haɓakar zafin jiki mai kaifi, wanda shine thermal daga sarrafawa. Bisa ga wannan tsarin juyin halitta, muna ƙoƙari don nuna bambanci ga gajeriyar da'ira na ciki a cikin matakai biyu na farko, kuma zai yiwu a fara faɗakar da gajeriyar kewayawa na cikin gida game da rashin karewa a gaba. Wannan fasaha ta yi aiki tare da Ningde Times.

Bangare na biyu shine caji, muna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsari da kuma rashin sarrafawa ta hanyar gwajin gwaji. A kan wannan, ta hanyar ƙirar haɗaɗɗiyar ma'aunin zafi da sanyio don hasashen aikin da ke kan baturi. Hatsarin caji gabaɗaya shi ne ƙananan caji, kamar rashin daidaituwar baturi, saboda rashin daidaituwa, an riga an sami wuri a cikin aikin cajin, kuma wasu wuraren ba su cika ba, zai haifar da wasu cikakkun batir, sai Lithium. lithium a cikin kayan lantarki mara kyau, lithium lactary crystal shine abin da ake kira lithium, yana haifar da gajeren da'ira, yana haifar da gajeren kewayawa.

Domin magance wannan matsala, mun ƙera fasahar caji mai sauri na lithium mai ƙima bisa ga na'urar lantarki, sarrafa yuwuwar rashin wutar lantarki a cikin sifili (lithium ƙarƙashin sifili), wanda aka ƙara don ƙara electrode, watau electrodes uku. . Dangane da uku-electrode, za a iya yin sharhi da lura bisa ga samfurin. Wannan ita ce fasahar cajin saurin lithium ɗin mu mara gwaji.

Bayan wannan aikace-aikacen fasaha, babu lithium da zai faru, kuma ana ƙara saurin caji. Dalili na uku shine tsufa. Za a fadada rashin daidaituwa bayan tsufa na baturi, wanda shine dalilin rashin fahimtar yawan adadin baturi don ƙara girma, kuma yayin da ƙarfin ƙarfin aiki ba shi da kyau, daidaito na sarrafa baturi yana da rauni sosai.

Bugu da ƙari, tsufa a cikin ƙananan yanayin zafi yana tasiri sosai ga yanayin zafi na baturi, kuma zafin da ke haifar da kai na thermal daga sarrafawa zai ragu, wanda zai iya haifar da zafi daga sarrafawa. Ta hanyar nazarin waɗannan matsalolin, mun gano cewa tushen tabbatar da amincin tsarin batir shine haɓaka tsarin sarrafa baturi na ci gaba. A halin yanzu, dangane da tsarin sarrafa batir, samfuran cikin gida ba su isa ba, kuma daidaito bai isa ba, musamman ayyukan tsaro, don haka ya zama dole a haɓaka bincike da haɓaka tsarin sarrafa batir.

Tarin Tsinghua na tsarin sarrafa batir yana da yawa, kuma ya sami haƙƙin mallaka 65, an yi amfani da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin tare da haɗin gwiwar shahararrun kamfanoni na cikin gida da na waje, wasu daga cikinsu kuma sun ba da izinin ba da motocin Mercedes-Benz. To ta yaya za mu magance matsalolin amincin baturi gaba ɗaya? Kwanan nan, zaku iya ba da garantin aminci ta wasu fasahohi, amma a cikin dogon lokaci, ya zama dole don kare cikakken amincin baturi. Babban rabo na batirin lithium-ion mai ƙarfin baturi na iya zama jagorar ci gaban duniya gabaɗaya da abubuwan da ke faruwa, ba za mu iya haɓaka takamaiman batura masu ƙarfi ba saboda batutuwan tsaro, mabuɗin shine fahimtar ma'auni tsakanin babban takamaiman makamashi da tsaro.

Misali, babbar matsalar tsaro ta babban baturin lithium ion mai karfin nickel shine cewa tsarin shine ingantacciyar wutar lantarki zata saki iskar oxygen. Za mu iya jinkirta tabbataccen sakin oxygen ta hanyar gyare-gyare na dubawa; inganta kwanciyar hankali; sa'an nan, daya ne don bunkasa gaba ƙarni na m electrolytes, Ainihin warware matsalar electrolyte konewa. Dangane da kwatankwacin hanyar fasahar batirin lithium mai ƙarfi, ɗan gajeren lokaci shine baturin lithium-ion na ruwa electrolyte, kuma mataki na gaba zai haɓaka ta hanyar ingantaccen baturi.

Cikakken la'akari da ci gaban shugabanci na farashin baturi da ƙarfin baturi na lithium, muna ba da shawarar cewa ƙasata ita ma ta ɗauki irin wannan hanya, wanda shine ɗan gajeren lokaci shine ruwa electrolyte, haɓaka high nickel ternary positive da silicon-negative electrode, kuma yana hana sarrafa baturi. tsarin da thermal baza. Hana haɗarin aminci, irin waɗannan batura na iya biyan buƙatun motocin lantarki na kilomita 500. Matsakaici da na dogon lokaci, sannu a hankali canzawa daga ruwa electrolyte zuwa cikakken m baturi jihar, kiyasta a cikin 2030 cikakken m baturi zai sami masana'antu aikace-aikace.

A takaice, dole ne mu yi ƙoƙari don magance matsalar tsaro mai ƙarfi ta batirin lithium, da tabbatar da ingantaccen ci gaban sabbin masana'antar kera motoci. Takaitaccen rahoton nawa za a iya taƙaita shi kamar: Dole ne mu kalli sabbin motocin makamashi na baya-bayan nan don yin wuta, kuma muhimmin dalilinsa shine matsalolin ingancin samfur, babu bin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun fasaha da ka'idodin fasaha, kewayon tabbatar da fasaha gajere, da sauransu A cikin manufofin. shawarwarin sun haɗa da: Na farko, manufofin masana'antu na asali (raka'a 2020 sun kai 350 watt-hour / kg, tsarin 260 watt / kg, rayuwar sake zagayowar sau 2000) yana da girma, daga hangen nesa na aminci, Ina tsammanin ba bu mai kyau ba ne don aiwatar da shi. .

Na biyu, manufofin tallafin ya kamata su dace da dokar haɓaka fasahar fasaha, kuma haɓaka ƙarfin makamashi bai kamata ya kasance cikin sauri ba, bai kamata ya canza sau da yawa ba, wannan ita ce shawarata ga Ma’aikatar Kuɗi. Na uku, ƙaddamar da ƙayyadaddun binciken lafiyar motar lantarki da wuri-wuri. A lokaci guda, don mafi kyawun sarrafawa da kuma nazarin haɗarin motocin lantarki, yana da kyau a sami akwatin baƙar fata na motocin lantarki.

A lokaci guda, fakitin baturi yakamata ya kasance yana da mahallin kariya ta wuta. A halin yanzu, fakitin baturi ya mutu sosai, wanda ke haifar da wahalar faɗar wuta, waɗannan daidai ne. Ma'aikatar Tsaron Jama'a.

A ƙarshe, ina tsammanin amincin baturi shine maɓalli na farko na ci gaban fasahar batir. Har ila yau, shine maɓalli na farko don inganta ayyukan motocin lantarki masu tsabta. Tsaron baturi zai zama fasaha mai cike da matsala, kamar minti 10, fiye da kilomita 300.

Fasahar caji mai sauri ta lantarki za ta kawo ƙalubale ga amincin baturi. Wutar lantarki yana ƙaruwa daga 300V zuwa 600V ko ma 800V. Wadannan duk sun dace da tsaro, da kuma babban gasar fagen fama a cikin motocin lantarki masu tsabta a nan gaba.

Ana iya cewa tsaro shine layin rayuwar motocin lantarki mai dorewa.

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