Yini amabhethri e-Lithium Ion?

1. Yini amabhethri e-Lithium Ion?

Ibhethri liwumthombo wamandla kagesi ahlanganisa eyodwa noma ngaphezulu amaseli e-electrochemical anoxhumo lwangaphandle lokunika amandla amadivayisi kagesi. Ibhethri ye-lithium-ion noma i-Li-ion wuhlobo lwebhethri elishajekayo elisebenzisa ibhethri ukuncishiswa okubuyiselekayo kwe-lithium ion ukugcina amandla futhi kudume ngokuphakama kwawo ukuminyana kwamandla.

2. Ukwakheka kwamabhethri e-Lithium Ion

Ngokuvamile amabhethri amaningi e-Li-ion asebenzisa inhlanganisela ye-intercalation njenge izinto ezisebenzayo. Ngokuvamile aqukethe izendlalelo ezimbalwa zezinto ezikhona ihlelwe ngendlela ethize ukuze kube lula inqubo electrochemical ukuthi inika amandla ibhethri ukugcina nokukhulula amandla--anode, i-cathode, i-electrolyte, isihlukanisi kanye nomqoqi wamanje.

Yini i-anode?

Njengengxenye yebhethri, i-anode idlala indima ebalulekile kumthamo, ukusebenza, nokuqina kwebhethri. Lapho ushaja, i-graphite anode i onesibopho sokwamukela nokugcina i-lithium ion. Uma ibhethri likhona kukhishwa, i-lithium ion isuka ku-anode iye ku-cathode ukuze i- ugesi wamanje uyadalwa. Ngokuvamile i-anode esetshenziswa kakhulu kwezohwebo i-graphite, esesimweni sayo se-lithiated ngokugcwele se-LiC6 ehambisana nesilinganiso esiphezulu umthamo we-1339 C/g (372 mAh/g). Kodwa ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, okusha Izinto ezifana ne-silicon ziye zacwaningwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuminyana kwamandla amabhethri e-lithium-ion.

Yini i-cathode?

I-Cathode isebenza ukwamukela nokukhulula ama-ion lithium ashajwa kahle ngesikhathi imijikelezo yamanje. Ngokuvamile iqukethe isakhiwo esinezingqimba ze-oxide egqinsiwe (njenge-lithium cobalt oxide), i-polyanion (njenge-lithium iron phosphate) noma i-spinel (efana ne-lithium manganese oxide) embozwe kumqoqi weshaji (ngokuvamile eyenziwe nge-aluminium).

Iyini i-electrolyte?

Njengosawoti we-lithium ku-solvent ephilayo, i-electrolyte isebenza njengendawo ephakathi ukuze i-lithium ion ihambe phakathi kwe-anode ne-cathode ngesikhathi sokushaja futhi ukukhulula.

Yini isihlukanisi?

Njengolwelwesi oluncane noma ungqimba lwezinto ezingezona u-conductive, isihlukanisi sisebenzela vimbela i-anode (i-electrode engalungile) kanye ne-cathode (i-electrode enhle) kusuka ukushoda, njengoba lolu ungqimba lukwazi ukungena ku-lithium ions kodwa hhayi kuma-electron. It futhi ingaqinisekisa ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwama-ion phakathi kwama-electrode ngesikhathi sokushaja nokukhulula. Ngakho-ke, ibhethri lingagcina i-voltage ezinzile futhi linciphise ingozi yokushisa ngokweqile, ukusha noma ukuqhuma.

Yini umqoqi wamanje?

Umqoqi wamanje uklanyelwe ukuqoqa okwamanje okukhiqizwa yi- ama-electrode ebhethri futhi ayithuthele kwisekethe yangaphandle, okuyi kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle nokuphila isikhathi eside kwebhethri. Futhi ngokuvamile kuvame ukwenziwa ngeshidi elincane le-aluminium noma lethusi.

3. Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Kwebhethri ye-Lithium Ion

Ucwaningo lwamabhethri e-Li-ion angaphinda ashajwe lusukela kuma-1960s, elinye lamabhethri Izibonelo zakuqala ibhethri le-CuF2/Li elakhiwa yi-NASA ngo-1965. Nenkinga kawoyela eyafika emhlabeni ngawo-1970, abacwaningi baphendukela kokunye imithombo yamandla, ngakho impumelelo eyakhiqiza uhlobo lokuqala lwe Ibhethri yesimanje Li-ion yenziwe ngenxa yesisindo esilula namandla aphezulu ukuminyana kwamabhethri e-lithium ion. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uStanley Whittingham we-Exxon wathola ukuthi i-lithium ion ingafakwa ezintweni ezifana ne-TiS2 kuya dala ibhethri elishajekayo 

Ngakho wazama ukudayisa leli bhethri kodwa yehlulekile ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu kanye nokuba khona kwe-metallic lithium kumaseli. Ngo-1980 kwatholakala izinto ezintsha ezinikeza amandla kagesi aphezulu futhi zazingaphezulu kakhulu izinzile emoyeni, kamuva eyayizosetshenziswa ebhethrini lokuqala le-Li-ion lezentengiselwano, nakuba lingazange, ngokwalo, lixazulule udaba oluqhubekayo lwe Ukuvutha.Ngawo lowo nyaka, u-Rachid Yazami wasungula i-lithium graphite i-electrode (i-anode). Bese kuthi ngo-1991, i-lithium-ion yokuqala ephinde ishajwe emhlabeni amabhethri aqale ukungena emakethe 

Ngo-2000, isidingo se-lithium-ion amabhethri anda njengoba izinto zikagesi eziphathwayo sezidumile, ezishayelayo amabhethri e-lithium ion ukuze aphephe futhi ahlale isikhathi eside. Izimoto zikagesi zazinjalo yethulwa ngo-2010s, eyadala imakethe entsha yamabhethri e-lithium-ion. I ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo ezintsha zokukhiqiza nezinto zokwakha, njenge-silicon anode kanye nama-electrolyte aqinile, aqhubeka nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza nokuphepha kwe amabhethri e-lithium-ion. Namuhla, amabhethri e-lithium-ion abalulekile ukuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke, ngakho ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezintsha kanye ubuchwepheshe buyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza, ukusebenza kahle, nokuphepha kwe lamabhethri.

4.Izinhlobo zamabhethri e-Lithium Ion

Amabhethri e-lithium-ion eza ngezinhlobonhlobo zomumo nosayizi, hhayi wonke benziwa balingane. Imvamisa kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu zamabhethri e-lithium-ion.

l I-Lithium Cobalt oxide

Amabhethri e-lithium cobalt oxide akhiqizwa kusuka ku-lithium carbonate futhi cobalt futhi aziwa nangokuthi i-lithium cobaltate noma amabhethri e-lithium-ion cobalt. Bane-cobalt oxide cathode ne-graphite carbon anode, nama-ion lithium suka ku-anode uye ku-cathode ngesikhathi sokukhipha, nokugeleza kuhlehla uma ibhethri selishajwe. Ngokuqondene nokusetshenziswa kwayo, asetshenziswa ku-portable izinto zikagesi, izimoto zikagesi, nezinhlelo zokugcina amandla avuselelekayo ngenxa yamandla akhethekile aphezulu, izinga eliphansi lokuzikhulula, ukusebenza okuphezulu I-voltage kanye nebanga lokushisa elibanzi.Kodwa naka ukukhathazeka kokuphepha okuhlobene namandla okubaleka okushisayo kanye nokungazinzi phezulu amazinga okushisa.

l I-Lithium Manganese oxide

I-Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) iyimpahla ye-cathode esetshenziswa kakhulu kumabhethri e-lithium-ion.Ubuchwepheshe balolu hlobo lwebhethri ekuqaleni yatholwa ngawo-1980, ngokushicilelwa kokuqala ku-Materials Research I-Bulletin ngo-1983. Enye yezinzuzo ze-LiMn2O4 ukuthi ine-thermal enhle ukuzinza, okusho ukuthi mancane amathuba okuthi uhlangabezane nokubaleka okushisayo, okuthi nazo ziphephile kunezinye izinhlobo zebhethri ye-lithium-ion. Ukwengeza, i-manganese kuningi futhi kutholakala kabanzi, okwenza kube inketho esimeme uma kuqhathaniswa ku-cathode izinto eziqukethe izinsiza ezilinganiselwe njenge-cobalt. Ngenxa yalokho, zivame ukutholakala emishinini yezokwelapha nakumadivaysi, amathuluzi kagesi, ugesi izithuthuthu, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo, i-LiMn2O4 impofu kakhulu ukuzinza kwamabhayisikili uma kuqhathaniswa ne-LiCoO2, okusho ukuthi ingadinga okwengeziwe ukushintshwa njalo, ngakho-ke kungase kungafaneleki ukugcina amandla esikhathi eside izinhlelo.

l I-Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)

I-Phosphate isetshenziswa njenge-cathode kumabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate, ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi amabhethri e-li-phosphate. Ukumelana kwabo okuphansi kuye kwathuthukisa ukushisa kwabo ukuzinza nokuphepha. Zibuye zidume ngokuhlala isikhathi eside kanye nomjikelezo wempilo ende, okubenza babe inketho engabizi kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo ze-lithium-ion amabhethri. Ngenxa yalokho, lawa mabhethri asetshenziswa kaningi kumabhayisikili kagesi kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga umjikelezo wempilo ende kanye namazinga aphezulu okuphepha. Kodwa ukungalungi kwayo kwenza kube nzima ukuthuthuka ngokushesha. Okokuqala, uma kuqhathaniswa ezinye izinhlobo zamabhethri e-lithium-ion, zibiza kakhulu ngoba zisebenzisa ezingavamile futhi izinto zokusetshenziswa ezibizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate ane-a I-voltage yokusebenza ephansi, okusho ukuthi ingase ingafaneleki kwabanye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga i-voltage ephezulu. Ukushaja kwayo isikhathi eside kuyenza ibe a ukungasebenzi ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukushajwa kabusha okusheshayo.

l I-Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)

Amabhethri e-Lithium Nickel manganese e-Cobalt Oxide, avame ukwaziwa njenge-NMC amabhethri, akhiwe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene ezitholakala emhlabeni wonke amabhethri e-lithium-ion. I-cathode eyakhiwe ngengxube ye-nickel, manganese, kanye i-cobalt ifakiwe. Ukuminyana kwayo okuphezulu kwamandla, ukusebenza kahle kwamabhayisikili, kanye a Ukuphila okude kwenze kwaba yisinqumo sokuqala ezimotweni zikagesi, ukugcinwa kwegridi amasistimu, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, ezifake isandla nakakhulu ekudumeni okukhulayo kwezimoto zikagesi kanye nezinhlelo zamandla avuselelekayo. Kuya ukwandisa umthamo, ama-electrolyte amasha kanye nezithasiselo zisetshenziselwa ukuyivumela shaja kuye ku-4.4V/cell nangaphezulu 

Kunomkhuba obheke ku-Li-ion ehlanganiswe ne-NMC kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uhlelo luyonga futhi lunikeza ukusebenza okuhle. Nickel, manganese, futhi i-cobalt yizinto ezintathu ezisebenzayo ezingase zihlanganiswe kalula ukuze zivumelane nobubanzi uhla lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-automotive and energy storage systems (EES) ezidingayo ukuhamba ngebhayisikili njalo. Lapho sibona umndeni wakwa-NMC uba mkhulu ezihlukahlukene Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yayo emibi ye-runaway eshisayo, izingozi zomlilo kanye nemvelo ukukhathazeka kungase kuphazamise ukuqhubeka kwayo.

l I-Lithium Titanate

I-lithium titanate, evame ukwaziwa ngokuthi i-li-titanate, iwuhlobo lwebhethri eline- inani elikhulayo lokusetshenziswa. Ngenxa ye-nanotechnology yayo ephakeme, iyakwazi ukushaja ngokushesha futhi kukhishwe ngenkathi kugcinwa i-voltage ezinzile, okwenza kube ilungele ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu njengezimoto zikagesi, ezentengiso kanye nezinhlelo zokugcina amandla ezimbonini, nokugcinwa kwezinga legridi 

Kanye nayo ukuphepha nokuthembeka, lawa mabhethri angasetshenziselwa impi kanye ne-aerospace izicelo, kanye nokugcina umoya namandla elanga nokwakha smart amagridi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwe-Battery Space, lawa mabhethri angaba esetshenziswa kuma-backups abalulekile wesistimu yesistimu. Noma kunjalo, i-lithium titanate amabhethri avame ukubiza kakhulu kunamabhethri e-lithium-ion endabuko okufanele akhokhe enqubweni yokwenziwa eyinkimbinkimbi edingekayo ukuze azikhiqize.

5.Amathrendi Okuthuthukisa Amabhethri e-Lithium Ion

Ukukhula komhlaba wonke kokufakwa kwamandla avuselelekayo kwenyukile ukukhiqizwa kwamandla ngezikhathi ezithile, ukudala igridi engalingani. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni a isidingo samabhethri.ngenkathi kugxilwe ekukhishweni kwekhabhoni eyiziro futhi kudinga ukunyakaza kude nezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, okungukuthi amalahle, ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla kuqhubekisela phambili okwengeziwe ohulumeni ukuthi bakhuthaze ukufakwa kukagesi welanga nomoya. Lezi ukufaka kuyaboleka kumasistimu okugcina ibhethri agcina amandla engeziwe kukhiqizwa 

Ngakho-ke, izikhuthazo zikahulumeni zokukhuthaza ibhethri ye-Li-ion ukufakwa kuphinde kuqhubekisele phambili ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri e-lithium ion. Ngokwesibonelo, imakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-NMC Lithium-Ion Batteries kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule isuka ku-US$ million ngo-2022 kuya ku-US$ million ngo-2029; kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ku-CAGR ye-% kusukela ngo-2023 kuya ku-2029. Futhi nezidingo ezikhulayo zezicelo ezidinga kakhulu imithwalo kulindeleke ukuthi yenze amabhethri e-lithium ion angu-3000-10000 asheshe kakhulu ingxenye ekhulayo ngesikhathi sokubikezela (2022-2030).

6. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-investimenti ye-Lithium Ion Batteries

Imboni yemakethe yamabhethri e-lithium ion kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule isuka ku-USD 51.16 billion ngo-2022 kuya ku-USD 118.15 billion ngo-2030, ekhombisa unyaka wonke izinga lokukhula lika-4.72% ngesikhathi sokubikezela (2022-2030), okuncike izici eziningana.

l Ukuhlaziya komsebenzisi wokugcina

Ukufakwa komkhakha wezinsiza kuyizishayeli ezibalulekile zokulondoloza amandla ebhethri amasistimu (BESS). Lesi sigaba kulindeleke ukuthi sikhule sisuka ku-$2.25 billion ngo-2021 siye U-$5.99 billion ngo-2030 ku-CAGR ka-11.5%. Amabhethri e-Li-ion akhombisa ukuphakama okungu-34.4% I-CAGR ngenxa yesisekelo sayo sokukhula esiphansi. Indawo yokuhlala kanye nokugcinwa kwamandla okuhweba izingxenye zingezinye izindawo ezinamandla ezimakethe ezinkulu zama- $ 5.51 billion ngo-2030, kusuka ku-$1.68 billion ngo-2021. Umkhakha wezimboni uyaqhubeka nemashi yawo ebheke ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni enguziro, nezinkampani ezenza isithembiso se-net-zero kwezimbili ezilandelayo amashumi eminyaka. Izinkampani zeTelecom nedatha yedatha zihamba phambili ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngokugxila okwengeziwe emithonjeni yamandla avuselelekayo. Konke okuzokhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwamabhethri e-lithium ion njengoba izinkampani zithola izindlela zokuqinisekisa ukusekela ngokulondoloza okuthembekile nokulinganisa kwegridi.

l Ukuhlaziywa Kohlobo Lomkhiqizo

Ngenxa yenani eliphezulu le-cobalt, ibhethri elingenayo i-cobalt lingenye ye izitayela zokuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion. I-High-voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) nenani eliphezulu lamandla etiyetha ingenye ethembisa kakhulu Co-free izinto cathode in the phambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yokuhlola yakufakazela lokho ukusebenza kwamabhayisikili kanye ne-C-rate yebhethri ye-LNMO kuthuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa i- i-semi-solid electrolyte. Lokhu kungahlongozwa ukuthi i-anionic COF ikwazi imunca kakhulu i-Mn3+/Mn2+ ne-Ni2+ ngokusebenzisana kwe-Coulomb, ukuvimbela ukufuduka kwabo okulimazayo ku-anode. Ngakho-ke, lo msebenzi uzokwenza kube yinzuzo ekuhwebeni kwe-LNMO cathode material.

l Ukuhlaziywa Kwesifunda

I-Asia-Pacific izoba yimakethe enkulu yebhethri ye-lithium-ion emile 2030, eqhutshwa yizinsiza nezimboni. Izodlula eNyakatho Melika futhi I-Europe enemakethe ye- $ 7.07 billion ngo-2030, ikhula isuka ku- $ 1.24 billion 2021 ku-CAGR yama-21.3%. INyakatho Melika kanye neYurophu kuzoba yikhulu elilandelayo izimakethe ngenxa yezinhloso zabo zokuqeda i-carbon ezomnotho kanye negridi ngokulandelayo amashumi amabili eminyaka. I-LATAM izobona izinga eliphezulu lokukhula ku-CAGR ka-21.4% ngoba yobukhulu bayo obuncane kanye nesisekelo esiphansi.

7. Izinto Okufanele Uzicabange Ngamabhethri e-Lithium Ion Asezingeni eliphezulu

Lapho uthenga inverter optical solar, hhayi kuphela intengo kanye izinga kufanele kube kucatshangelwa, nezinye izici kufanele zikhunjulwe.

l Ukuminyana kwamandla

I-Energy density inani lamandla agcinwe ngeyunithi ngayinye. Phezulu ukuminyana kwamandla ngesisindo esincane futhi usayizi ubanzi kakhulu phakathi kokushaja imijikelezo.

l Ukuphepha

Ukuphepha kungenye ingxenye ebalulekile yamabhethri e-lithium-ion kusukela ekuqhumeni kanye nemililo engenzeka ngenkathi ishaja noma ikhipha, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka khetha amabhethri anezindlela zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe, njengezinzwa zokushisa kanye nezinto ezivimbelayo.

l Uhlobo

Enye yezindlela zakamuva embonini yebhethri ye-lithium-ion yi- ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri esimo esiqinile, okunikeza uhla lwezinzuzo ezifana ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu kanye nomjikelezo wempilo omude. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa amabhethri aqinile ezimotweni zikagesi azokwandisa kakhulu ububanzi bawo amandla nokuphepha.

l Izinga lokushaja

Izinga lokushajwa lincike ekutheni ibhethri lishajwa ngokushesha kangakanani. Kwesinye isikhathi ibhethri lithatha isikhathi eside ukushajwa ngaphambi kokuthi lisetshenziswe.

l Ubude bempilo

Alikho ibhethri elisebenza impilo yonke kodwa linedethi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi. Hlola ukuphela kwesikhathi usuku ngaphambi kokuthenga. Amabhethri e-lithium ion anomumo omude impilo ngenxa ye-chemistry yayo kodwa ibhethri ngalinye liyahluka kwelinye kuye ngokuthi uhlobo, imininingwane kanye nendlela ezenziwe ngayo. Amabhethri ekhwalithi ephezulu azokwazi zihlala isikhathi eside njengoba zenziwe ngezinto ezinhle ngaphakathi.