Yini ama-Solar Panels?

1. Yini ama-Solar Panels?

Iphaneli yelanga, eyaziwa nangokuthi imojula ye-photo-voltaic (PV) noma iphaneli ye-PV, iyinhlangano ukuhlanganiswa kwamaseli elanga e-photovoltaic afakwe kuhlaka (ngokuvamile oluwunxande). Amaphaneli elanga athwebula ukukhanya kwelanga njengomthombo wamandla akhazimulayo, aguqulwayo kumandla kagesi ngendlela kagesi oqondile (DC).

Iqoqo elihlelwe kahle lamaphaneli elanga libizwa ngokuthi i-photovoltaic system noma i-solar array. Ama-arrays wesistimu ye-photovoltaic angasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ilanga ugesi ohlinzeka ngezinto zikagesi ngokuqondile, noma obuyisela amandla ungene kwenye igridi yamanje (AC) esebenzisa i-inverter system.Lokhu kagesi kungaba bese isetshenziselwe ukunika amandla ezindlini, izakhiwo, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza noma igcinwe ngaphakathi amabhethri azosetshenziswa kamuva. Njengomthombo wamandla ovuselelekayo noqhubekayo, ilanga amaphaneli adlala indima ebalulekile ekwehliseni ukuthembela kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi kanye nosizo ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni.

2. Ukwakheka kwama-Solar Panel

Ama-Solar Panel aqukethe inani elikhulu lamaseli elanga futhi asebenzisa amandla okukhanya (amaphothoni) avela eLangeni ukukhiqiza ugesi ngomphumela we-photovoltaic. Kuhlanganisa ne-backsheet, ifreyimu nebhokisi lokuhlangana, futhi mhlawumbe i-concentrator, konke zazo zisebenza ndawonye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuvamile kwama-solar panel.

Ayini amaseli elanga?

Amaseli elanga ayizinto zikagesi eziguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ugesi amandla ngomphumela we-photovoltaic futhi iningi lawo liyi-crystalline esekwe nge-wafer amaseli e-silicon noma amaseli amafilimu amancane. Futhi, izindleko eziphezulu, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, kanye amaseli e-close-packed rectangular multi-junction (MJ) ngokuvamile asetshenziswa ku-solar amaphaneli kumkhumbi-mkhathi, njengoba enikeza isilinganiso esiphezulu samandla akhiqiziwe ngakunye ikhilogremu iphakanyiselwe emkhathini.Amaseli ngokuvamile axhunywa ngogesi series, omunye komunye voltage oyifunayo, bese ngokuhambisana ukwandisa okwamanje.

Yini i-backsheet?

Njenge-polymer noma inhlanganisela yama-polymers anezithasiselo ezihlukahlukene, i-backsheet yakhelwe ukunikeza umgoqo phakathi kwamaseli elanga nangaphandle imvelo. Lapho singabona khona ukuthi i-backsheet iyingxenye ebalulekile ku- ukuqina, ukusebenza kahle, nokuphila isikhathi eside kwephaneli yelanga.

Iyini i-encapsulant?

Amaseli elanga avame ukumbozwa nge-encapsulant, evamise ukuba mncane ungqimba we-polymer material esetshenziswa phezu kwamaseli elanga kanye i-backsheet. Ngokuvamile i-polymer evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni amamojula elanga i-ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), ehlala isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuvikela ilanga amaseli avela kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lomonakalo nokwelula isikhathi sokuphila sephaneli yelanga.

Yini uhlaka?

Uhlaka lwephaneli yelanga libhekisela ekusekelweni kwesakhiwo esibamba futhi ivikela amaseli elanga, izintambo nezinye izingxenye ngaphakathi kwephaneli. Ikona eyenziwe nge-aluminium noma ezinye izinto ezingasindi ukuvimbela amaphaneli ukuthi adlulele umthelela wesimo sezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ifreyimu iphinde inikeze indlela yokufaka iphaneli ngokuvikelekile endaweni, njengophahla noma i-rack esekelwe phansi. Ku Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-solar panel aphinde asebenzise amafreyimu ensimbi ahlanganisa izingxenye zokubeka, abakaki, umumo wesibonisi, kanye nemikhombe ukusekela kangcono iphaneli isakhiwo.

Liyini ibhokisi lokuhlangana?

Njengendawo ebiyelwe kagesi esetshenziselwa ukwakha nokuvikela ukuxhumana kukagesi, Ibhokisi lokuhlangana lenzelwe ngokukhethekile ukuhlinzeka indawo ephephile nevikelekile ukuxhunywa kukagesi ukuze kugwenywe ukuthintana ngephutha nezintambo ezibukhoma kanye ukwenza lula ukugcinwa noma ukulungisa okuzayo. Ngokuvamile ibhokisi le-PV junction linamathiselwe ngemuva kwephaneli yelanga futhi isebenza njengesixhumi esibonakalayo esiphumayo. Kwangaphandle ukuxhumeka kwamamojula amaningi e-photovoltaic kusebenzisa izixhumi ze-MC4 ukuze kube lula ukuxhumana okungamelana nesimo sezulu kuyo yonke isistimu. Isixhumi esibonakalayo samandla e-USB singakwazi nazo zisetshenziswe.

Yini i-concentrator?

Amanye amamojula we-solar PV akhethekile ahlanganisa ama-concentrator lapho ukukhanya kugxilwe khona ngamalensi noma izibuko kumaseli amancane. Lokhu kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwamaseli ane-a izindleko eziphezulu endaweni yeyunithi (njenge-gallium arsenide) ngendlela eyongayo indlela.[ecashunwa] Ukugxilisa ukukhanya kwelanga nakho kungaphakamisa ukusebenza kahle kuze kufike ku-45%.

3.Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Kweziphaneli Zelanga

Ngo-1839, ikhono lezinye izinto zokwakha ukushaja kagesi kusuka ukuchayeka okukhanyayo kwabonwa okokuqala yisazi sefiziksi saseFrance u-Edmond Becquerel, nakuba lawa maphaneli elanga okuqala ayengasebenzi kahle ngisho nakugesi olula amadivaysi.

Ngawo-1950, i-Bell Labs yakha i-silicon solar yokuqala ekwazi ukuthengisa iseli eyenziwe nge-silicon. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa solar panel kwakulinganiselwe a izindawo ezimbalwa ezikhethekile ezifana namasathelayithi omkhathi, izindlu zezibani, nezikude izindawo ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu.

Ngama-1970s, ukuhlaselwa kwenhlekelele kawoyela kanye nokukhathazeka kwemvelo kwakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphaneli elanga ashibhile futhi asebenza kahle. Ngemva kwalokho, ohulumeni kanye nezinkampani ezizimele emhlabeni wonke zanamathisela ukubaluleka okukhulu ocwaningweni kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwama-solar panel.

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-2000, ukwethulwa kwentela yokuphakelayo (FiTs) ngabathile. amazwe aba nesandla kakhulu ekukhuleni okusheshayo kwelanga embonini.Kulezi zinsuku, amaphaneli elanga asesebenza kahle kakhulu futhi ayathengeka kunanini ngaphambili, ezisetshenziswa hhayi kuphela ezindlini nezokuhweba izakhiwo kodwa nasezinhlelweni zengqalasizinda.

4.Izinhlobo zama-Solar Panel

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zamaphaneli elanga atholakala ngokuyinhloko namuhla: i-monocrystalline, i-polycrystalline (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-multi-crystalline), kanye ifilimu encane.

l Amaphaneli elanga e-Monocrystalline akhiwe nge-silicon ephezulu yokuhlanzeka, okungukuthi etholakala kukristalu olulodwa. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamaphaneli, amaphaneli e-monocrystalline ngokuvamile asebenza kahle kakhulu (ngaphezu kuka-20%) namandla wamandla. Lokhu ngoba amaphaneli elanga e-monocrystalline ahlinzeka ngamandla angaphezu kwama-watts (W) angu-300 amandla, amanye aze adlule ku-400 W. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphaneli elanga e-Monocrystalline futhi ijwayele ukudlula amamodeli e-polycrystalline mayelana ne-coefficient yezinga lokushisa - isilinganiso sokusebenza kwephaneli emazingeni okushisa afudumele. Naphezu kwalokhu izinzuzo, amaphaneli elanga e-monocrystalline cishe azobiza kakhulu inketho, ngakho-ke zithandwa kakhulu nalabo abanesabelomali esanele futhi bakhetha wandise ukonga kwakho kwebhili kagesi njengokuthengisa, umphakathi kanye nohulumeni umnyango.

l Amaphaneli elanga e-PolyCrystalline noma ama-multiCrystalline angamaphaneli elanga lawo aqukethe amakristalu amaningana e-silicon kuseli elilodwa le-PV. Lawa ma-solar panel zenziwe ngamaseli amaningi we-photovoltaic. Iseli ngalinye liqukethe amakristalu e-silicon okwenza isebenze njengedivaysi ye-semiconductor. Lapho izithombe ezivela ku- ukukhanya kwelanga kuwela ku-PN junction (indawo ephakathi kohlobo lwe-N nohlobo lwe-P), inika amandla kuma-electron ukuze akwazi ukugeleza njengamandla kagesi. Uma kuqhathaniswa namaphaneli elanga e-monocrystalline, amaphaneli elanga e-polycrystalline maningi i-eco-friendly njengoba ingadingi ukulolongwa nokubekwa ngakunye i-crystal kanye neningi le-silicon lisetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza kanye nezindleko ezengeziwe ngempumelelo 

Uma kukhulunywa ngobubi bayo, ukusebenza kahle kwayo okuphansi, kuncane ukonga isikhala nokusebenza kabi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kungase kuphazamise nakakhulu ukuthuthukiswa. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, amaphaneli elanga e-multiCrystalline ayatholakala ku amapulazi amakhulu elanga ukuze kusetshenziswe amandla elanga nokuhlinzeka ngogesi kuwo izindawo eziseduze, izisetshenziswa ezizimele noma ezizisebenzelayo njengamarobhothi ngaphakathi izindawo ezikude, imindeni engaphandle kwegridi, njll.

l Amaphaneli elanga acwebile enziwa ngokufaka ungqimba olulodwa noma ngaphezulu oluncane (oluncane amafilimu noma ama-TF) ezinto ze-photovoltaic ku-substrate, njengengilazi, ipulasitiki noma insimbi. Uma uqhathanisa ne-monocrystalline ne-polycrystalline silicon amaphaneli, adinga impahla encane ye-semiconductor enqubweni yokukhiqiza ngenkathi zisebenza ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komphumela we-photovoltaic futhi zishibhile. Noma kunjalo, awasebenzi kahle kakhulu futhi anamandla aphansi Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphaneli elanga anefilimu emincane awonakala ngokushesha kune-crystalline silicon solar amaphaneli 

Ngakho-ke zivame ukusetshenziswa esikalini sokusetshenziswa kusukela kufilimu encane ye-solar amaphaneli awonakala ngejubane elincane kakhulu. Futhi isicelo esisodwa esivamile sefilimu encane amaphaneli elanga ukufakwa kwamamojula e-PV aguquguqukayo ophahleni lwezimoto (imvamisa ama-RV noma amabhasi) kanye namadekhi ezikebhe neminye imikhumbi. Futhi ngenxa inzuzo yayo isikhala, sekuye kwanda kakhulu phakathi kwalabo abafuna finyelela i-photovoltaics yesakhiwo-Ehlanganisiwe.

5. Amathrendi Okuthuthukisa Amaphaneli elanga

Imakethe yamaphaneli elanga iqhutshwa ukwanda kokutshalwa kwezimali kokuvuselelekayo umkhakha wamandla kagesi, ukwehla kwezindleko zamaphaneli e-solar PV, nokuvelayo okuhle imithetho kahulumeni.Kokubili amaseli e-silicon e-monocrystalline kanye ne-polycrystalline babone isidingo esikhulu, ikakhulukazi ezicelweni zokuhlala. I-Cadmium Amaseli e-telluride nama-amorphous silicon kulindeleke ukuthi adale ukukhula amathuba ngenxa yezindleko eziphansi zezinto ezibonakalayo. Futhi amanani emojula ye-PV ehlile ngokushesha kunalokho obekulindelwe ekuqaleni kuka-2023, njengoba ukunikezwa kwe-polysilicon kuba kuningi 

Ngaleso sikhathi Ngokusho kwedatha, esimweni esishintshile sebhizinisi sangemva kwe-COVID-19, umhlaba jikelele Imakethe yeSolar Panels elinganiselwa ku-US $ 50.1 Bilion ngonyaka ka-2022, i kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele usayizi obuyekeziwe wama-US $ 98.5 Bilion ngo-2030, ikhula ku-CAGR ka-8.8% esikhathini sokuhlaziya sika-2022-2030. I-Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel, enye ye izingxenye ezihlaziywe embikweni, kulindeleke ukuthi zirekhode i-CAGR engu-8.2% kanye ifinyelele US$48.2 Bilion ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuhlaziya. Ukucabangela i- ukuqhubeka kokululama kobhubhane, ukukhula engxenyeni ye-Thin-Film Solar Panel ibuyiselwe ku-CAGR engu-8.9% ebuyekeziwe yenkathi yeminyaka eyi-8 elandelayo.

6. Ukuhlaziywa Kokutshalwa Kwezimali Kweziphaneli Zelanga

Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi i-solar okwamanje ingeyesibili yamandla ahlanzekile asetshenziswa kakhulu ubuchwepheshe emhlabeni wonke ngomthamo ofakiwe, i-solar PV kulindeleke ukuthi ibe omunye wemithombo yamandla eshibhe kakhulu etholakala ngo-2050, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezinemisebe yelanga emihle kakhulu, futhi lo mkhuba uqhutshwa ngabaningana izici.

l Ukuhlaziywa Kohlobo Lomkhiqizo

Iphaneli yelanga ye-polycrystalline ihola imakethe ngaphezu kuka-48% we inani lemakethe futhi kulindeleke ukuthi libambe isabelo semakethe esiphezulu kuso isikhathi sokubikezela, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yokuhlala. Kepha ukuthuthuka kwefilimu emincane amamojula we-solar PV azophinde aqhubekisele phambili ukukhula kwemakethe yamaphaneli elanga ngesikhathi esilandelayo iminyaka embalwa. Futhi, ukukhuphuka kokusatshalaliswa kwama-microgrid kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe izakhiwo ezingenamandla azoholela esidingweni esikhulu emakethe.

l Ukuhlaziya komsebenzisi wokugcina

Ngohlobo lomsebenzisi wokugcina, imakethe ihlukaniswe ngokwezindawo zokuhlala, ezohwebo, izimboni nezinye izingxenye. Ingxenye yezohwebo ihola imakethe ngaphezu kuka-33% wesabelo semakethe senani njengoba sidinga okubalulekile inani lamandla ukuqinisekisa ukusimama nokusebenza kwazo kwesikhathi eside.It ca futhi ukusiza ukunciphisa ukuthembela kugesi wegridi ngenkathi wehlisa ukusebenza izindleko kanye nokunciphisa i-carbon footprint. Kodwa kusukela iningi lohulumeni emhlabeni jikelele benze umthetho we-net metering kanye nokubalulekile uxhaso ekufakweni kwesistimu yelanga ezindaweni zokuhlala. Lawa maseli asetshenziswa kalula engxenyeni yokuhlala ngenxa yezindleko ezishibhile uma kuqhathaniswa kumaseli elanga e-mono-crystalline.

l Ukuhlaziywa Kwesifunda

Ngokusho kwedatha, isifunda sase-Asia-pacific siyabusa emakethe yenani ukwabelana. Njengoba i-Asia-Pacific iyisifunda esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngokwenani abantu abahlala. Lesi sifunda siphinde sibe yikhaya laseChina, elibalulekile amandla okukhiqiza amaseli elanga e-polycrystalline agcwalisa isidingo yesifunda. Futhi i-India futhi ihlela ukumisa amayunithi okukhiqiza amandla elanga ngaphansi ukukhiqizwa kukahulumeni.

7. Izinto Okufanele Uzicabange Ngama-Solar Panel Asezingeni Eliphezulu

Lapho uthenga ama-solar panel, akufanele kucatshangelwe kuphela intengo nekhwalithi, nezinye izici kufanele zikhunjulwe.

Izinga lokushisa: Amaphaneli e-Monocrystalline nawe-polycrystalline asebenza kahle kakhulu phakathi kuka-59°F no-95°F. Izifunda ezinokushisa okuphezulu ngesikhathi sasehlobo okungenzeka bangela ukuthi iphaneli yelanga ifinyelele izinga lokushisa langaphakathi elingaphezu kuka-100°F lingase libone ukwehla kwamazinga okusebenza kahle. Lapho ukhetha i-inverter, kuyadingeka cabanga ngesimo.

Ukuwohloka Okubangelwa Ukukhanya (LID): I-LID ibhekisela kumethrikhi yokulahlekelwa kokusebenza okwenzeka ngamaphaneli acwebezelayo phakathi namahora ambalwa okuqala okukhanya kwelanga ukuchayeka. Ngokuvamile i-LID ijwayele ukusuka ku-1% kuya ku-3% ekulahlekelweni kokusebenza kahle. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kucatshangelwe lapho ukhetha ama-solar panel.

Isilinganiso somlilo: Amakhodi Okwakha Amazwe Ngamazwe adinga amaphaneli elanga ukuze afane nawo ukukala komlilo wophahla ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amaphaneli awasheshi ukusabalala amalangabi. Ngokuvamile kunezinhlobo ezintathu zamakilasi. Ikilasi A lihlinzeka kakhulu ukuvikela emlilweni, njengoba amalangabi engakwazi ukusakazeka ngaphezu kwamamitha ayisithupha. Ikilasi B iqinisekisa ukusabalala kwelangabi akudluli amafidi ayisishiyagalombili, futhi Ikilasi C liqinisekisa ukuthi amalangabi ayenjalo ingasakazeki ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-13.

Isimo Sezulu: Isibonelo, amaphaneli e-Crystalline angcono ezindaweni ezinjalo ingase ibe nesichotho esinzima njengoba ikwazi ukumelana nesichotho esishaya ngesivinini ku50 mph. Nakuba kunikezwe umklamo wawo omncane, amaphaneli elanga e-hin-film awalungile ngesichotho. Isistimu sonozungezilanga esebenzisa izixhumi zokubopha, amamojula we-bolting, noma a uhlelo lwesitimela olunezinhlaka ezintathu lufaneleka kangcono amakhaya angase abe nakho a isiphepho noma isiphepho esishisayo.

Ukusebenza kahle: Ukusebenza kahle kwephaneli yelanga kubhekisela enanini lokukhanya kwelanga ingaguquka ibe ugesi. Iphaneli yelanga esebenza kahle kakhulu izokhiqiza okwengeziwe ugesi ovela enanini elifanayo lokukhanya kwelanga kunephaneli elingasebenzi kahle.