Mene ne Sirin-fim Solar Panels

1. Mene ne Sirin-fim Solar Panels?

Ba kamar sel masu amfani da hasken rana na ƙarni na farko da ake yin su da siliki ɗaya- ko multi-crystalline ba, ana ƙera ɓangarorin ɓangarorin hasken rana ta hanyar amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan PV guda ɗaya ko da yawa akan saman da ya ƙunshi nau'ikan gilashi, filastik, ko ƙarfe don canzawa. hasken rana zuwa wutar lantarki. Kuma wadanda aka fi amfani da su wajen fasahar hasken rana na sirara sun hada da cadmium telluride (CdTe), da jan karfe indium gallium selenide (CIGS), silicon amorphous (a-Si), da gallium arsenide (GaAs).

2 Tsarin Fannin Solar Fina-Finai

Sirin-fim Solar Panels sun ƙunshi ɗimbin ɗimbin ɓangarorin ɓangarorin ɓangarorin hasken rana kuma suna amfani da makamashin haske (hotuna) daga Rana don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar tasirin photovoltaic. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da yadudduka, bayanan baya da akwatin junction, dukkansu suna aiki tare don tabbatar da aiki na yau da kullum na masu amfani da hasken rana.

Menene Sirin-fim na Solar Kwayoyin?

Kwayoyin hasken rana na bakin ciki sune na'urorin lantarki waɗanda ke canza hasken rana zuwa makamashin wutar lantarki ta hanyar tasirin photovoltaic. Kwayoyin fina-finai na bakin ciki don yin amfani da kayan da ba su da yawa - wurin aiki na tantanin halitta yawanci kawai 1 zuwa 10 micrometers kawai. Har ila yau, ana iya ƙera sel sirara-fim a cikin babban tsari na yanki, wanda zai iya zama mai sarrafa kansa, ci gaba da samarwa.

Bugu da ƙari, ɓangarorin hasken rana na sirara-fim suna amfani da siriri na bakin ciki na oxide mai gudanar da gaskiya, kamar tin oxide don yin aiki. Yayin da sel-fim na bakin ciki ana yin su da ɗimbin ƙwayayen kristal da yawa na kayan semiconductor don ƙirƙirar filin lantarki tare da mu'amala, wanda ake kira heterojunction. Gabaɗaya, ana iya yin irin wannan nau'in na'urorin sirara-fim a matsayin raka'a ɗaya - wato, monolithically - tare da Layer akan Layer ana ajiye shi a jere a kan wani yanki, gami da sanya murfin antireflection da oxide mai sarrafa haske.

Menene Layers?

Yawanci siriri-fim hasken rana panel yana da siriri (kasa da 0.1 micron) a saman da ake kira "taga" Layer don ɗaukar makamashin haske daga ƙarshen bakan mai ƙarfi kawai. Dole ne ya zama bakin ciki sosai kuma yana da isasshen bandgap mai faɗi (2.8 eV ko fiye) don barin duk hasken da ake samu ta hanyar dubawa (heterojunction) zuwa Layer mai ɗaukar hoto. The absorbing Layer karkashin taga, yawanci doped p-type, sanye take da wani high absorptivity (ikon sha photons) ga high halin yanzu da kuma dace band rata don samar da mai kyau irin ƙarfin lantarki.

Menene bayanan baya?

A matsayin polymer ko haɗin polymers tare da ƙari daban-daban, an tsara bayanan baya don samar da shinge tsakanin ƙwayoyin rana da yanayin waje. Daga abin da za mu iya ganin bayanan baya wani abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin tsayin daka, inganci, da kuma tsawon lokacin hasken rana.

Menene junction box?

A matsayin shingen lantarki da ake amfani da shi don gida da kare haɗin wutar lantarki, akwatin junction an ƙera shi ne musamman don samar da amintaccen yanayi mai aminci don haɗin wutar lantarki don hana haɗuwa da haɗari tare da wayoyi masu rai da kuma sauƙaƙe kulawa ko gyara gaba. Yawancin lokaci akwatin junction na PV yana haɗe zuwa bayan faɗuwar rana kuma yana aiki azaman ƙirar fitarwa. Haɗin waje don yawancin kayan aikin hoto suna amfani da masu haɗin MC4 don sauƙaƙe haɗin haɗin yanayi mai sauƙi zuwa sauran tsarin. Hakanan ana iya amfani da kebul na wutar lantarki.

3 Tarihin Ci Gaban Ƙaƙƙarfan Fim na Solar Panel

Tarihin siraran fina-finan hasken rana ya samo asali ne tun a shekarun 1970, lokacin da masu bincike suka fara bincike a kan yin amfani da siririn fim (a-Si) na semiconductor don amfani da makamashin hasken rana, a wancan lokacin sha'awar fasahar fim na bakin ciki don amfani da kasuwanci. da aikace-aikacen sararin samaniya suna haɓaka haɓaka na'urorin siliki na sikanin-fim na hasken rana.

A cikin 1980s, ci gaba a cikin fasaha ya sauƙaƙe haɓaka kayan aikin fim na bakin ciki zuwa sababbi, irin su cadmium telluride (CdTe) da jan ƙarfe indium gallium selenide (CIGS), waɗanda ke da ingantaccen juzu'i da ƙarancin samarwa.

1990s da 2000s lokaci ne na gagarumin ci gaba a cikin binciken sabbin kayan aikin hasken rana na ƙarni na uku-kayan aiki tare da yuwuwar shawo kan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin ƙasa na gargajiya. Sabbin samfura kamar ƙwayoyin hasken rana masu fenti, ƙwayoyin ɗigon hasken rana an haɓaka su.

A cikin 2010s da farkon 2020s, ƙirƙira a cikin fasahar hasken rana ta sirara ya haɗa da ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa fasahar hasken rana ta ƙarni na uku zuwa sabbin aikace-aikace da rage farashin samarwa. A cikin 2004, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) ya sami ingantaccen rikodin rikodin duniya na 19.9% ​​don ƙirar bakin ciki na CIGS.

A zamanin yau, sassauƙa na bakin ciki-fim na bakin ciki wanda aka hade a cikin magunguna ya sa su fi so fiye da bangarorin gargajiya na silicon.Dan fasahar rabon kasuwa a cikin wannan shekarar, gami da kashi 30% na samar da sikelin mai amfani.

4.Nau'in Tashoshin Rana

Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kayan da ake amfani da su don kera ƙwayoyin sirara-fim na hasken rana, bisa la'akari da albarkatunsu, ana iya raba su zuwa nau'i huɗu. 

l Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Bakin Bakin Fim wani nau'in panel ne na hasken rana wanda ke amfani da bakin ciki na cadmium telluride na bakin ciki wanda aka ajiye akan wani abu mai tushe, kamar gilashin ko bakin karfe, azaman kayan semiconductor. Ba wai kawai nauyi da sauƙi don shigarwa ba, suna kuma samar da makamashi mai yawa a cikin ƙananan haske, wanda ke nufin cewa za su iya samar da wutar lantarki ko da a cikin girgije ko kuma lokacin da aka rufe. An kiyasta cewa CdTe bakin-fim na hasken rana ya kai inganci 19% a ƙarƙashin Standard Testing Conditions (STC), amma ƙwayoyin hasken rana guda ɗaya sun sami inganci na 22.1%. Duk da haka, akwai wasu damuwa game da gubar cadmium, tun da yake ƙarfe ne mai nauyi wanda zai iya lalata muhalli idan ba a zubar da shi yadda ya kamata ba.

l Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) Baƙaƙen Fim Panel ana kera su ta hanyar sanya Layer na molybdenum (Mo) na lantarki akan ma'aunin ta hanyar aiwatar da sputtering. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran fasahohin PV, suna da babban inganci kuma suna iya cimma ingantaccen ingantaccen ka'idar 33% a nan gaba. Bugu da kari, ba su da saurin fashewa ko karyewa kuma cikin saukin aiki. Duk da haka, duk da waɗannan fa'idodin, farashin ya fi tsada fiye da sauran fasahohin, wanda zai iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban su.

l Silicon Amorphous (a-Si) Ƙaƙƙarfan Fim ɗin Fim ɗin ana ƙera su ta hanyar sarrafa faranti na gilashi ko sassa masu sassauƙa, tare da tsarin p-i-n ko n-i-p. Fa'idodin a-Si bakin ciki-fim sun haɗa da sassauƙansu da ginin nauyi, wanda ya sa su dace don amfani da su a aikace-aikacen hannu, kamar zango ko kunna na'urori masu nisa. Koyaya, tunda gilashin gudanarwa na waɗannan bangarorin yana da tsada kuma tsarin yana jinkirin, farashin sa yana da tsada kusan $ 0.69/W.

l Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Ƙaƙwalwar Fim ɗin Fim sun fi rikitarwa fiye da na yau da kullum na ɓangarorin hasken rana na tsarin masana'antu. Ya kamata a ambata cewa suna samun babban inganci har zuwa 39.2% kuma sun fi tsayayya da zafi da danshi. Duk da haka, lokacin masana'anta, farashi don kayan, da manyan kayan haɓaka, sun sa ya zama mafi ƙarancin zaɓi.

5.Apps of Thin-film Solar Panels

A matsayin aji mai tasowa na madadin siliki photovoltaics, firam-fim na hasken rana ana amfani da su musamman a fagage masu zuwa.

l Gine-Haɗin Hoto (BIPV)

Tunda ɓangarorin PV na bakin ciki na iya zama sama da 90 % haske fiye da bangarorin silicon, aikace-aikacen daya fara zama sananne a duk duniya shine BIPV, inda hasken rana ke haɗe da fale-falen rufin, taga, tsarin rauni da sauransu. Bugu da kari,  wasu nau'ikan fina-finai na bakin ciki PV za a iya yin su da tsaka-tsaki, wanda ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye kyawawan gidaje da gine-gine yayin ba da damar yin amfani da hasken rana.

l Aikace-aikacen sararin samaniya

Saboda fa'idodin nauyi mai sauƙi, inganci sosai, yanayin zafin aiki mai faɗi, har ma da juriya ga lalacewar radiation, firam ɗin hasken rana na bakin ciki, musamman CIGS da GaAs na hasken rana, sun kasance manufa don aikace-aikacen sararin samaniya.

l Motoci da aikace-aikacen ruwa

Ɗaya daga cikin aikace-aikacen da aka saba amfani da su na na'urorin hasken rana na bakin ciki shine shigar da na'urorin PV masu sassauƙa a kan rufin abin hawa (musamman RVs ko bas) da kwale-kwalen jiragen ruwa da sauran tasoshin, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don wutar lantarki yayin da a lokaci guda kiyaye kayan ado.

l Aikace-aikace masu ɗaukar nauyi

Wutarsa ​​da girmanta sun ba shi ci gaba mai dorewa a cikin ƙananan kayan lantarki masu sarrafa kansu da kuma Intanet na Abubuwa (IoT), wanda ake tsammanin zai yi girma sosai a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Kuma tare da ci gabansa, ana iya ƙara amfani da shi a wurare masu nisa tare da na'urori masu lanƙwasa na hasken rana, bankunan wutar lantarki, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka masu amfani da hasken rana da sauransu.

6.Hanyoyin Cigaban Tattalin Arziƙi na Ƙaƙƙarfan Fim ɗin Solar Panel

Tare da karuwar karɓar makamashin hasken rana a duk duniya, aiwatar da tsauraran takunkumin makamashi da haɓaka ƙoƙarin gwamnati na haɗa tushen kore a cikin grid, ana sa ran bangarorin hasken rana na bakin ciki za su kai kusan dala biliyan 27.11 nan da 2030 tare da babban CAGR na 8.29% daga 2022 ku 2030 Ana haifar da karuwar ta hanyar amfani da R&D, tun da suna da matukar tattalin arziki da sauƙin ƙirƙira, suna amfani da ƙarancin kayan aiki kuma suna samar da ƙarancin sharar gida. Kuma R&D don haɓaka juriyar ƙwayoyin hasken rana da aiki kuma zai haifar da sabbin dama don haɓaka kasuwa.

Koyaya, dama ta zo tare da ƙalubale. Babban matakan gasa, canjin yanayi na tsari da kuma samun ƙarancin kuɗi da albarkatu yana nufin a halin yanzu ƙila ba za su iya ɗaukar wani babban yanki na kasuwar duniya ba.

7 Binciken Zuba Jari Na Siraran Fim Mai Rana

Kasuwar siriri-fim hasken rana ya bayyana yana haɓaka a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wanda abubuwa da yawa ke motsawa.

l Nau'in Samfura

A cikin 2018, CdTe ya samar da wutar lantarki a farashin da ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa ko daidai da na tushen makamashin burbushin na yau da kullun. Saboda rashin guba, aiki mai arha da farashin samarwa, a halin yanzu nau'in cadmium telluride ya mamaye kasuwar siraran fina-finan hasken rana na duniya, kuma ana sa ran zai ci gaba da girma cikin sauri cikin sauri a tsawon lokacin hasashen.

l Binciken Ƙarshen Mai Amfani

Haɓaka haɓakawa da bincike don rage shigarwa da farashin kulawa na iya haɓaka buƙatun mabukaci.A cikin 2022, kasuwar kayan amfani ta mamaye kasuwar simintin fim ɗin hasken rana ta duniya, kuma ana hasashen zai ci gaba da haɓaka cikin sauri cikin sauri a duk lokacin hasashen. . Tun da siraran-fim hasken rana bangarori suna raguwa a hankali a hankali, suna ba da yuwuwar madadin na al'ada na c-Si hasken rana.

l Binciken Yanki

Asiya-Pacific ita ce yanki mafi girma a duniya don samar da siraran fina-finan hasken rana a cikin 2022, kuma ana sa ran za ta ci gaba da faɗaɗa a mafi girman ƙima, wanda dalilai da yawa ke motsawa. Misali, a matsayinta na babbar kasuwan PV mai amfani da hasken rana a duniya, kasar Sin za ta daukaka manufar samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa daga kashi 20% zuwa 35% nan da shekarar 2030. Kuma wuraren amfani da hasken rana na Photovoltaic a China galibi suna amfani da fasahar fim na bakin ciki. Haka kuma, Japan ta kuma bayyana aniyar ta na yin amfani da ikon dawwama kawai a gaba.

8 Abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su don Ƙaƙƙarfan Fina-Finan Hasken Rana

Lokacin sayen hasken rana, ba kawai farashi da inganci dole ne a yi la'akari da su ba, wasu dalilai ma ya kamata a kiyaye su.

l inganci: Babban inganci na iya canza ƙarin makamashin rana zuwa wutar lantarki. Gabaɗaya samun babban taro na masu ɗaukar kaya na iya ƙara haɓaka aikin tantanin halitta ta hanyar haɓaka aiki. Ƙarin mai da hankali ga tantanin halitta ba wai kawai taimakawa wajen ƙara yawan aiki ba, amma yana iya rage sararin samaniya, kayan aiki, da farashin da ake bukata don samar da tantanin halitta.

l Durability da rayuwa: Wasu na'urorin fim na bakin ciki suma suna da matsala tare da lalacewa a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban. Daga cikin duk kayan, CdTe yana nuna mafi kyawun juriya ga lalacewar aiki tare da zafin jiki. Kuma ba kamar sauran kayan fim na bakin ciki ba, CdTe yana son ya zama mai juriya ga yanayin muhalli kamar zafin jiki da danshi, amma sassauƙan bangarorin CdTe na iya fuskantar lalacewar aiki a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba ko damuwa.

l Nauyi: Yana nufin yawa na siriri-fim hasken rana panel. Gabaɗaya, ɓangarorin siraran fim ɗin hasken rana suna da nauyi da sauƙi don haka bai kamata ku ji tsoron shafa mataccen nauyi a rufin ku ba. Duk da haka, har yanzu ana buƙatar yin la'akari da nauyin nauyi lokacin zabar waɗanda za a tabbatar da cewa ba za a yi ɗorewa ba don shigarwa.

l Zazzabi: Wannan yana nufin mafi ƙanƙanta da matsakaicin zafin jiki wanda na'urar hasken rana na Thin Film zai iya aiki. Gabaɗaya, duk mafi kyawun firam ɗin fim na hasken rana ana ɗaukar mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki na -40 ° C da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 80 ° C.