Uyini umthelela wamabhethri kadoti endaweni ezungezile?

Umbhali :Iflowpower - Umhlinzeki Wesiteshi Samandla Esiphathekayo

Okokuqala, ibhethri ingu-1800 voluminous ukusebenzisa ithusi, ithini, namanzi anosawoti ukwenza ngempumelelo i-volt cell. Manje, wonke amabhethri akhiwe ngokubeka izinsimbi ezimbili ezihlukene kusixazululo esifanayo se-electrolyte abizwa ngokuthi ibhethri le-volt. Ngo-1860, izinto ezisungulwe eFrance zePronecian zingashajwa ngomthofu ukuze zishaje ama-electrode, futhi zingasetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe, ziwubize njengebhethri.

Ngo-1887, u-British Herlesson wasungula ibhethri lokuqala elomile. Ngo-1890 kwasungulwa ibhethri le-iron nickel elishajekayo i-Edison. 1899 Waldmarjungner wasungula amabhethri e-nickel-cadmium.

Ngo-1914 u-Edison wasungula ibhethri le-alkaline. Ngo-1954 uGeraldpearson, uCalvinfuler kanye noDarylchapin bakha amaseli elanga. 1976 PhilipsResearch home inventions nickel hydrogen battery.

1991 I-Sony Ishaja Ukukhiqiza Kwebhethri ye-Lithium Ion. Ngemuva kuka-2000, amabhethri kagesi kaphethiloli, amaseli elanga abe ingqikithi yezindaba ezintsha zokuthuthukiswa kwamandla emhlabeni jikelele. Ibhethri ibalulekile ebhethrini (ibhethri eliyinhloko), ibhethri lesibili (ibhethri elishajekayo), ibhethri le-asidi eholayo izigaba ezintathu, isingeniso esibalulekile ekuphenduleni kwe-electrode, ukusabela okuphelele kanye nezinzuzo kanye nobubi bamabhethri omile we-zinc manganese, amabhethri e-lithium-ion, nebhethri, ukuze ufunde esikhathini esizayo Isimiso esisebenzayo sengxenye ye-electrochemical ingxenye yokubeka isisekelo.

Okwesibili, ukungcoliswa kwamabhethri alahlwayo Okubalulekile kwethula izinto eziyingozi, izingozi kanye nemiphumela engathi sína kumabhethri alahlwayo. Okokuqala, ngetafula, izinto eziyingozi ebhethri elivamile ziyaziswa. Izinto ezibalulekile eziyingozi eziqukethwe ebhethrini zihlanganisa inani elikhulu lezinsimbi ezisindayo kanye ne-asidi, isisekelo nesinye isixazululo se-electrolyte.

Phakathi kwazo, izinsimbi ezinzima zibalulekile, i-mercury, i-cadmium, i-lead, i-nickel, i-zinc, njll. I-Cadmium, i-mercury, i-lead iyinto yemvelo nempilo yomuntu; i-zinc, i-nickel, njll., nakuba inenzuzo ebangeni elithile lokuhlushwa, kodwa endaweni ezungezile, umkhawulo uzophinde udale ingozi ngomzimba womuntu; i-asidi ewudoti, isisekelo sikadoti Amanye ama-electrolyte angase angcolise umhlaba, enze umhlaba ube ne-acidification noma u-alkalization.

Bese kuhlanganiswe nomdwebo we-block ukuze ubonise amakhemikhali amakhemikhali kanye nezingozi zempilo yabantu kumabhethri angcolile: ibhethri elilodwa lesidlaliso lingenza inhlabathi engu-1 cubic meter inhlabathi elahlekile unomphela, ibhethri yethebhulethi engu-1 ingenza amathani angu-600 amanzi angakwazi ukuphuza (okulingana nomuntu Ukuphuza amanzi) (1) i-mercury: inhlanzi. 0.

1g. Isibonelo: Ingangeni manzi (2) I-Cadmium: Ine-carcinogenic, nephrotoxicity. Isibonelo: Ubuhlungu (3) Umthofu: I-Heavy metal lead inomonakalo omkhulu kumaprotheni, ngakho-ke uba nemiphumela emibi ekuhlanganiseni kwama-enzyme nama-heme, okuholela ezifweni ezifana ne-anemia.

Umthofu ungase futhi ubangele ukuphazamiseka kwezinzwa, ubangele ukulimala emathanjeni, izinso, ubangele ukulimala kwezinso. (4) I-Chromium: ye-chromic acid ehlanganisiwe, i-chromating acid esindayo inobuthi obunzima, obuvuselelayo, obushisa isikhumba somuntu kanye ne-mucosa. I-hexavalent chromium ingabangela ukwehla kwe-leukocyte, umdlavuza wamaphaphu.

Embotsheni ye-chrome yamakhala, ingafakwa ubuthi ngokunisela ngamanzi e-chromium e-3.4-17.3mg / L a-trivalent chromium.

(5) Okunye: I-Nickel: ine-carcinogenic, ingabangela i-allergic dermatitis. Isiliva: kungaholela ebumpumputheni. I-lithium: okubangela izimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane, ukubangela isifo sofuba, isifo sikashukela.

I-Zinc: ebangela isilonda se-cornea, i-pulmonary edema. Okwesithathu, ukuphathwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwamabhethri alahlwayo 1, ukuphathwa kwebhethri lemfucuza yezwe lami: izwe lami yizwe elikhulu elihamba phambili, elinomphumela wonyaka ongaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-200, iningi lawo okungamabhethri alahlwayo. Ukulimala kwamabhethri alahlwayo emvelweni kubalulekile ekungcolisweni kwe-mercury kumabhethri alahlwayo emhlabathini namanzi angaphansi komhlaba.

Ngokuthuthuka kwezokuxhumana ngomakhalekhukhwini, isikhathi esisha sokushintsha umakhalekhukhwini esidala sifinyezwa, futhi kuzoba namakhulu amabhethri amoshayo omakhalekhukhwini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, mayelana nokuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu yasekhaya, ukuhlukaniswa, ukwelashwa, ukuntuleka kwemali, ukwenza inani elikhulu lamabhethri emfucumfucu kanye nemfucumfucu evamile yasekhaya, indawo yokulahla imfucumfucu, lapho ukuvuza kwensimbi esindayo, okubangelwa inhlabathi namanzi angaphansi komhlaba, okuholela ekungcoleni kwemvelo Inkinga yemfucuza ibuye ivelele kakhulu. I-2, i-Europe, i-United States, izixazululo zikazwelonke zaseJapane zokuxazulula ukungcoliswa kwebhethri: I-Germany inikeza imithethonqubo emisha yokuphatha amabhethri emfucuza, futhi isebenzisa ukuthengwa kwamabhethri e-mercury, okungukuthi, abathengi ukuthenga ibhethri ngalinye.

15, lapho abathengi sebebuyisele ibhethri elidala esitolo, intengo idonswa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Bese, dlulisela abakhiqizi ukwelashwa kabusha. I-United States idale uhlelo lokugaywa kabusha kwebhethri likadoti futhi yasungula izindawo eziningi zokwelapha.

Njengamanje, empeleni iyi-mercury engenabhethri, engenabungozi emvelweni, futhi ingaxutshwa nodoti ojwayelekile wasekhaya. Mayelana nebhethri lesibili nebhethri leselula, umkhiqizi webhethri le-Nickel-cadmium wase-US usungule Inhlangano Yokugaywa kabusha, inkampani ngayinye eyilungu ikhokha imali yokwelapha kule nhlangano ngokukhiqiza, esetshenziselwa ukuqoqwa kwebhethri nokuthuthwa nokucutshungulwa. Ukugaywa kabusha kwaminyaka yonke kwamabhethri emfucuza kwaseJapan kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980s, futhi unyaka ukhuphuka unyaka nonyaka.

Njengamanje, amabhethri asekhaya aseJapan awanayo i-mercury, okubalulekile ukubuyisela amagobolondo ensimbi yebhethri namathuna amnyama, nokwenza ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo wesibili. Ngokuqondene nebhethri lesibili nebhethri lefoni ephathekayo, liphinde lenziwe ngenkuthalo ngumenzi, ikakhulukazi inzuzo ye-cobalt ebhethri ye-lithium-ion etholiwe inkulu kakhulu. I-3, ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula ibhethri yemfucuza yasekhaya neyangaphandle: indlela yokucubungula ibhethri yemfucuza etholakala emhlabeni wonke inezinhlobo ezintathu: ukuqinisa kugqitshwe ngokujulile, kufakwe ku-doti shaft, ukugaywa kabusha.

(1). Ukuphulukisa nokugqitshwa okujulile, okugcinwe kumabhethri emfucuza yasemayini, ngokuvamile athunyelwa ezindaweni ezikhethekile ezinobuthi, eziyingozi, kodwa le ndlela ayichithi nje kuphela kakhulu, kodwa futhi ibangela imfucuza, ngoba kusenempahla eningi yezinto zokusetshenziswa. (2).

Ukugaywa kabusha = 1 \ * GB31 ukwelapha ukushisa: Enye indlela iwukuklaba ibhethri elidala bese lithunyelwa esithandweni ukuze lishise. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-mercury eguquguqukayo ingakhishwa. Lapho izinga lokushisa liphakeme, i-zinc nayo iyahwamuka lapho izinga lokushisa liphakeme, liphinde libe yinto eyigugu.

Ngemuva kwe-iron ne-manganese, iba ingxube yensimbi ye-manganese edingekayo ekwenzeni insimbi. Enye indlela ukukhipha izakhi zensimbi ngokuqondile ebhethrini, futhi kudayiswe ingxube yensimbi efana ne-manganese oxide, i-zinc oxide, i-copper oxide ne-nickel oxide njengodoti wensimbi. Nokho, indlela yokwelapha ukushisa iyabiza.

= 2 \ * GB3 2 Ukwelashwa okumanzi: Ngaphandle kwebhethri, zonke izinhlobo zamabhethri zincibilika ku-sulfuric acid, abese ekhipha izinsimbi ezihlukahlukene esixazululweni nge-ion resin, impahla eluhlaza etholakala ngale ndlela iyahlanzwa, futhi ibhethri lifakwa ebhethrini. Amaphesenti angama-95 wento engakhishwa. = 3 \ * I-GB33 indlela yokushisa ukushisa kwe-vacuum: Indlela yokwelapha ukushisa kwe-vacuum kufanele futhi ibe eshibhile, okokuqala ukuhlunga ibhethri le-nickel-cadmium ebhethri lemfucuza, ibhethri lemfucuza lishiswa ku-vacuo, lapho i-mercury ihwamuka ngokushesha, engatholwa, bese kuthi okusele Impahla eluhlaza igaywe, bese insimbi yensimbi ikhishwa kanye ne-manganese ikhishwa nge-manganese yensimbi.

I-4, ibhethri yokululama yokululama yebhethri yemfucuza ingathuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi, inciphise ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, futhi yonge amandla. Ukuthatha phambili njengesibonelo: amandla asetshenziswe kumthofu ophinde wagaywa ebhethrini elilahlwayo uma kuqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa okuqondile komthofu kunsimbi engaphezu kuka-65%. Kungase futhi kunciphise umthofu olahleka endaweni ezungezile, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe isidingo sezinto ezintsha zokusetshenziswa, konga imithombo yamaminerali esikhathini esizayo.

Silinganisela ukuthi cishe kukhona ama-53% amagesi abamba ukushisa aphinde asebenzise ukukhishwa komthofu kunokukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa komcwaningi wezimayini. 5. Izincomo zokwelashwa kokutholwa kwebhethri likadoti kuqala: Ngesisekelo "soMthetho Wokuvimbela Nokulawula Udoti Oqinile", inqubomgomo yemboni nemithetho neziqondiso zokugaywa kabusha kwemfucuza kuyakhishwa, kanye nendlela yokuphatha yangempela yezwe lami kanye nemithetho ethile yokusebenza yokuphatha , Sungula uhlelo oluphelele lokulawula ukuthutha kwebhethri udoti.

Okwesibili: Ngokuya ngokuthi ubani ukungcola, ophethe isimiso, inkampani ekhiqiza amabhethri inesibopho sokugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri asetshenzisiwe, futhi isebenzise uhlelo lwemali mboleko lapho kuthengiswa ngamabhethri. Okwesithathu: Ukuqaphela ukukhiqizwa kwebhethri okuphansi kanye ne-mercury-freeization, qinisa ukukhiqizwa kwamabhethri angashajwa. Ukwandisa isikali sokugaywa kabusha kwebhethri.

Okwesine: Izwe linikeza ukusekelwa kwenqubomgomo ethile yenkampani egaywa kabusha yebhethri likadoti, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezobuchwepheshe, inkampani inikeze umvuzo futhi inamandla. Okwesihlanu: Emaphephandabeni nakumabonakude, abezindaba, bamemezela futhi bafundise abantu, futhi bahlakulele ukwazi komphakathi ngokugaywa kabusha. Okwesine, ibhethri eliluhlaza libalulekile ukwethula ibhethri le-nickel lensimbi le-hydride, alikho ibhethri elomile le-alkaline ye-zinc manganese ye-mercury, ibhethri lamandla kaphethiloli, iseli lelanga, ibhethri eliluhlaza eliphilayo amabhethri amahlanu aluhlaza.

Ibhethri ye-metal hydride nickel ine-voltage efanayo yokusebenza njengebhethri ye-cadmium ne-nickel, kodwa njengoba ezinye izinto zisetshenziswa njenge-electrode esebenzayo engasebenzi, i-carcoon cadmium iyashintshwa, okungenzi nje kuphela ukuthi leli bhethri elisha libe ibhethri lemvelo eliluhlaza, kodwa futhi lenza ibhethri kunebhethri Likhuphule cishe u-40%. Leli bhethri liqala ukusetshenziswa kumabhethri omakhalekhukhwini. Njengamanje, nakuba kancane kancane ithathelwa indawo amabhethri e-lithium-ion kumakhalekhukhwini, isengama-50% kuzicelo zeselula zaseYurophu naseMelika.

Amabhethri omile we-zinc manganese ekhanyayo angena-alkali anomthamo ophakeme kunamabhethri avamile omile, futhi anamandla aphezulu amanje okukhipha. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kusetshenziswe impushana ye-zinc engena-mercury, ngakho leli bhethri seliyibhethri eliluhlaza futhi seliyimikhiqizo evamile ebhethrini lokuqala. Ibhethri lamandla kaphethiloli iyisisetshenziswa esisekelwa ngokuqondile uphethiloli kanye ne-oxidant.

Lo mshini wokuphehla amandla awusebenzi nje kuphela, futhi akukho kukhipha igesi engcolile, okuwukuphehla ugesi okuphumelelayo nokuhlanza ikusasa. Izinkampani eziningi ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe zizibophezele ekuthuthukiseni amabhethri kagesi kaphethiloli afanele omakhalekhukhwini, amakhompyutha wezincwadi. Uma sebezibeke, izinzuzo zabo zezomnotho ziba nkulu.

Amaseli elanga asetshenziswa njengamanje enziwe nge-silicon; ngokuvamile eshidini elincane le-electron-type ye-crystal silicon eyodwa ibe yi-boron yongqimba oluncane ukuze uthole ifindo le-PN, bese wengeza ama-electrode. Lapho usuku lukhazimula endizeni encane ye-boron, kwenzeka amandla kagesi. Leli bhethri lingasetshenziswa njengomthombo wamandla wezinsimbi kwisathelayithi yomuntu.

I-silicon, i-gallium arsenide nayo iyimpahla enhle yokwenza amaseli elanga. Abacwaningi beGreen Organic Battery Jerusalem baye bahlakulela okuthiwa "ibhethri yamazambane", okuwukubeka i-zinc electrode yethusi kumazambane aphekiwe, inqubo elula "ebilisiwe" ingenza ugesi ube izikhathi ezingu-10 izikhathi zokuqala eziyi-10. Nakuba kukhona igebe elincane phakathi kwebhethri ye-lithium ion esasijwayele umkhuba wethu, i-100% ngokuphelele ihambisana nemvelo.