Lithini ifuthe leebhetri zenkunkuma kokusingqongileyo?

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Okokuqala, ibhetri yi-1800 voluminous ukusebenzisa ubhedu, i-tin, kunye namanzi etyuwa ukwenza ngempumelelo iseli ye-volt. Ngoku, zonke iibhetri ezenziwe ngokubeka iintsimbi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kwisisombululo esifanayo se-electrolyte zibizwa ngokuba yi-volt battery. Ngomnyaka we-1860, izinto eziqanjiweyo zaseFransi zePronecian zinokuhlawuliswa ngelothe ukutshaja i-electrode, kwaye inokusetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ebizwa ngokuba yibhetri.

Ngomnyaka we-1887, u-Herlesson waseBritani wenza ibhetri yokuqala eyomileyo. Ngo-1890 ukuveliswa kwe-Edison ye-iron nickel ibhetri ehlaziyiweyo. Ngo-1899 uWaldmarjungner wenza iibhetri zenickel-cadmium.

Ngo-1914 u-Edison wenza ibhetri yealkaline. Ngo-1954 uGeraldpearson, uCalvinfuler kunye noDarylchapin benza iiseli zelanga. Ngo-1976 uPhilipsPhanda izinto ezenziwe ekhaya ze-nickel hydrogen ibhetri.

Ngo-1991 u-Sony Ukutshaja iLithium Ion yeBattery yeMveliso yoRhwebo. Emva kwe-2000, iibhetri zamandla e-fuel, iiseli zelanga ziye zaba yinto ekugxilwe kuyo kwimiba yophuhliso lwamandla amatsha kwihlabathi jikelele. Ibhetri ibalulekile kwibhetri (ibhetri ephambili), ibhetri yesibini (ibhetri etshajwayo), ibhetri ye-lead-asidi iindidi ezintathu, isingeniso esibalulekileyo kwi-electrode reaction, iimpendulo ezipheleleyo kunye neenzuzo kunye nokungonakali kweebhetri ze-zinc manganese ezomileyo, iibhetri ze-lithium-ion, kunye nebhetri, ekufundeni kwexesha elizayo Umgaqo osebenzayo we-electrochemical inxalenye yokubeka isiseko.

Okwesibini, ukungcoliswa kweebhetri zenkunkuma Okubalulekileyo kwazisa izinto ezinobungozi, iingozi kunye nemiphumo emibi kwiibhetri zenkunkuma. Okokuqala, ngetafile, izinto ezinobungozi kwibhetri eqhelekileyo zingeniswa. Izinto ezibalulekileyo ezinobungozi eziqulethwe kwibhetri ziquka isixa esikhulu sesinyithi esinzima kunye ne-asidi, isiseko kunye nesinye isisombululo se-electrolyte.

Phakathi kwazo, iintsimbi ezinzima zibalulekile, i-mercury, i-cadmium, i-lead, i-nickel, i-zinc, njl. I-Cadmium, i-mercury, i-lead yinto yokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo yabantu; i-zinc, i-nickel, njl., nangona iluncedo kuluhlu oluthile loxinaniso, kodwa kwindawo engqongileyo, umda uya kuba yingozi malunga nomzimba womntu; inkunkuma yeasidi, isiseko senkunkuma Enye i-electrolyte inokungcolisa umhlaba, yenze umhlaba ube neasidi okanye ialkalization.

Emva koko idityaniswe nomzobo webhloko ukubonisa iikhemikhali zeekhemikhali kunye neengozi zempilo yabantu kwiibhetri zenkunkuma: ibhetri enye yesidlaliso ingenza umhlaba we-cubic meter elahlekileyo ngokusisigxina, i-tablet ye-1 ibhetri inokwenza iitoni ezingama-600 zamanzi azikwazi ukusela (ilingana nomntu Ukusela amanzi) (1) i-mercury: intlanzi inokuthi ifakwe ityhefu kunye ne-20mg kwi-L. 0.

1g. Umzekelo: Ukungangeni kwamanzi (2) I-Cadmium: Ine-carcinogenic, nephrotoxicity. Umzekelo: Intlungu (3) Ilothe: Ilothe yentsimbi enzima inomonakalo omkhulu kwiprotheyini, ngoko ke ineziphumo ezibi kwi-synthesis ye-enzymes kunye ne-hemes, ekhokelela kwizifo ezifana ne-anemia.

Ilothe nayo inokubangela ukuphazamiseka kwemithambo-luvo, ibangele umonakalo emathanjeni, kwizintso, ibangele ukwenzakala kwezintso. (4) I-Chromium: ye-asidi yayo ye-chromic, i-asidi enzima ye-chromating inetyhefu enzima, evuselelayo, evuthayo yolusu lomntu kunye ne-mucosa. I-hexavalent chromium inokubangela ukuhla kwe-leukocyte, umhlaza wemiphunga.

Kwimpumlo ye-chrome yokugqobhoza, inokutyhefa ngokunkcenkceshela nge-3.4-17.3mg / L trivalent chromium yamanzi.

(5) Okunye: I-nickel: ine-carcinogenic, inokubangela i-allergic dermatitis. Isilivere: inokukhokelela kubumfama. I-Lithium: ibangela iimpawu ezifana nefiva, ebangela isifo se-gastroenteritis, isifo seswekile.

I-Zinc: ibangela isilonda kwi-corneal, i-pulmonary edema. Okwesithathu, unyango kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona inkunkuma iibhetri 1, inkunkuma ilizwe lam unyango ibhetri: ilizwe lam lilizwe elikhulu phambili, kunye imveliso yonyaka ngaphezu 200 billion, uninzi lwazo iibhetri alahlwayo. Ukulimala kweebhetri ezilahlwayo kwindalo kubalulekile kungcoliseko lwemercury kwiibhetri zenkunkuma kumhlaba nakumanzi aphantsi komhlaba.

Ngophuhliso lonxibelelwano oluphathwayo, ixesha elitsha lokutshintshwa kwefowuni endala lifinyeziwe, kwaye kuya kubakho amakhulu eebhetri zefowuni eziphathwayo. Kwangaxeshanye, ngokwemiqathango yokuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma yasekhaya, ukuhlelwa, unyango, ukungabikho kwenkunzi, yenza inani elikhulu leebhetri zenkunkuma kunye nenkunkuma eqhelekileyo yasekhaya, indawo yokulahla inkunkuma, apho ukuvuza kwesinyithi esinzima, okubangelwa umhlaba kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba, okubangelwa ukungcoliseka kwendalo Ingxaki yenkunkuma nayo iyanda kakhulu. I-2, iYurophu, iUnited States, izisombululo zelizwe laseJapan zokusombulula ukungcola kwebhetri: IJamani ibonelela ngemimiselo emitsha yolawulo lweebhetri zenkunkuma, kwaye isebenzise ukuthengwa kweebhetri ze-mercury, oko kukuthi, abathengi ukuthenga ibhetri nganye.

I-15 uphawu, xa abathengi betshintshile ibhetri endala kwivenkile, ixabiso litsalwa ngokuzenzekelayo. Emva koko, tshintshela abavelisi unyango ngokutsha. I-United States yenze inkqubo yokubuyisela ibhetri yenkunkuma kwaye yaseka inani lezityalo zonyango.

Okwangoku, ngokusisiseko i-mercury engenabhethri, engenabungozi kwindalo, kwaye inokuxutywa kunye nenkunkuma yasekhaya ngokubanzi. Ngokumalunga nebhetri yesibini kunye nebhetri yeselula, umenzi webhetri we-Nickel-cadmium wase-US waseka i-Recycling Association, ilungu ngalinye lenkampani lihlawula umrhumo wonyango kumbutho ngemveliso, esetyenziselwa ukuqokelela ibhetri kunye nokuthuthwa kunye nokucubungula. Ukurisayikilishwa kwenkunkuma yaseJapan minyaka le ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1980, kwaye unyaka uyenyuka unyaka nonyaka.

Okwangoku, iibhetri zasekhaya zaseJapan azinayo i-mercury, okubalulekileyo ukubuyisela iigobolondo zentsimbi yebhetri kunye namangcwaba amnyama, kwaye uqhube uphuhliso lwemveliso yesibini. Ngokubhekiselele kwibhetri yesibini kunye nebhetri yefowuni ephathwayo, ikwaqhutywa ngenkuthalo ngumenzi, ngakumbi inzuzo ye-cobalt kwibhetri ye-lithium-ion efunyenweyo ibaluleke kakhulu. I-3, iteknoloji yenkunkuma yasekhaya nengaphandle yebhetri yokusetyenzwa kwenkunkuma yamazwe ngamazwe: indlela yokulungisa ibhetri ekhoyo kumazwe ngamazwe ineentlobo ezintathu: ukuqina kungcwatywa ngokunzulu, kufakwe kwi-shaft yenkunkuma, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe.

(1). Ukunyangwa kunye nokungcwatywa nzulu, kugcinwe kwiibhetri zenkunkuma yasemgodini, ngokuqhelekileyo zithunyelwa kwiindawo zokulahla ezinetyhefu, ezinobungozi, kodwa le ndlela ayichithi nje kuphela kakhulu, kodwa ibangela inkunkuma, kuba kusekho izinto ezininzi zezinto eziphathekayo. (2).

Ukurisayikilishwa = 1 \ * GB31 unyango lobushushu: Enye indlela kukutyisa ibhetri endala kwaye ithunyelwe eziko ukuyifudumeza. Ngeli xesha, i-mercury eguqukayo inokukhutshwa. Xa iqondo lobushushu liphezulu, i-zinc iphinda ibe ngumphunga xa ubushushu buphezulu, ikwayinto exabisekileyo.

Emva kwe-iron kunye ne-manganese, iba yi-iron manganese alloy efunekayo ekwenzeni intsimbi. Enye indlela kukukhupha izinto zentsimbi ngokuthe ngqo kwibhetri, kwaye uthengise umxube wesinyithi onjenge-manganese oxide, i-zinc oxide, i-copper oxide kunye ne-nickel oxide njengenkunkuma yesinyithi. Nangona kunjalo, indlela yonyango lokushisa iyabiza.

= 2 \ * I-GB3 2 Unyango olumanzi: Ngaphandle kwebhetri, zonke iintlobo zeebhetri zichithwa kwi-asidi ye-sulfuric, kwaye emva koko zikhuphe izinyithi ezahlukeneyo kwisisombululo nge-ion resin, izinto eziluhlaza ezifunyenwe ngolu hlobo zihlanjululwe, kwaye ibhetri ifakwe kwibhetri. I-95% yezinto ezinokukhutshwa. = 3 \ * GB33 vacuum unyango ubushushu indlela: Indlela yonyango ubushushu vacuum kufuneka kwakhona ngexabiso eliphantsi, kuqala ukuhlenga ibhetri nickel-cadmium kwibhetri inkunkuma, inkunkuma ibhetri ifudunyezwe vacuo, apho mercury is ngokukhawuleza ingumphunga, leyo ingafunyanwa, ke intsalela Izinto ekrwada iyasila, kunye nentsimbi yentsimbi kunye ne-manganese ikhutshwe kunye ne-manganese yentsimbi, ikhutshwe kwi-iron.

I-4, ibhetri yokubuyisela ibhetri yenkunkuma inokuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwesinyithi, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eluhlaza, kunye nokugcina amandla. Ukuthabatha ukhokelo njengomzekelo: amandla asetyenzisiweyo kwilothe esetyenzisiweyo kwibhetri yenkunkuma xa kuthelekiswa nokuthathwa ngokuthe ngqo kokusetyenziswa kwelothe kwintsimbi ekrwada ngaphezulu kwama-65%. Isenokunciphisa ilothe elahlekileyo kokusingqongileyo, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa imfuno yemathiriyeli entsha ekrwada, okonga ubutyebi bezimbiwa kwixesha elizayo.

Siqikelela ukuba kukho malunga ne-53% yeegesi ze-greenhouse eziphinda zisetyenziswe ukukhutshwa kwe-lead kune-greenhouse gas ekhutshwayo yomphandi wemigodi. 5. Izindululo zenkunkuma yokubuyisela unyango lwebhetri kuqala: Ngesiseko se "Solid Waste Prevention and Control Law", umgaqo-nkqubo woshishino kunye nemithetho kunye nemimiselo yokuhlaziywa kwenkunkuma ikhutshwe, kunye nendlela yokulawula yokwenene yelizwe lam kunye nemithetho ethile yokusebenza yolawulo , Ukuseka inkqubo yokulawula ibhetri yenkunkuma egqibeleleyo.

Okwesibini: Ngokokuba ngubani ungcoliseko, olawula umgaqo, inkampani yokuvelisa ibhetri inoxanduva lokuphinda isetyenziswe iibhetri zenkunkuma esele zisetyenzisiwe, kwaye iphumeze inkqubo ye- mortgage system xa kuthengiswa ngeebhetri. Okwesithathu: Ukuqonda okuphantsi kunye ne-mercury-freeization yemveliso yebhetri, ukomeleza ukuveliswa kweebhetri ezinokutshajwa. Ukwandisa isikali sokurisayikilisha ibhetri.

Okwesine: Ilizwe linika inkxaso ethile yomgaqo-nkqubo kwinkampani yokuhlaziya ibhetri yenkunkuma, kunye nokugqwesa kobugcisa, inkampani inike umvuzo kwaye inamandla. Okwesihlanu: Kumaphepha-ndaba nakumabonwakude, amajelo eendaba, apapasha aze afundise abantu, aze ahlakulele ukuqonda koluntu ngokurisayikilishwa kwakhona. Okwesine, ibhetri eluhlaza ibalulekile ukwazisa ibhetri ye-nickel ye-metal hydride, akukho mercury-free alkaline zinc manganese ibhetri eyomileyo, ibhetri yamandla e-fuel, iseli yelanga, ibhetri yendalo eluhlaza ezintlanu.

Ibhetri ye-nickel ye-metal hydride ine-voltage efanayo yokusebenza njenge-cadmium kunye nebhetri ye-nickel, kodwa ekubeni ezinye izinto zisetyenziswa njenge-electrode esebenzayo esebenzayo, i-carcoon cadmium ithathelwa indawo, engenzi nje ukuba le bhetri intsha ibe yibhetri eluhlaza, kodwa yenza ibhetri kunebhetri Phakamisa phantse i-40%. Le bhetri isetyenziswa okokuqala kwiibhetri zefowuni ephathwayo. Okwangoku, nangona ngokuthe ngcembe ithatyathelwa indawo ziibhetri ze-lithium-ion kwiifowuni eziphathwayo, isekho malunga ne-50% kwizicelo zeselula zaseYurophu naseMelika.

Iibhetri ezomileyo ze-alkali ezingenazinki ze-zinc zinesakhono esiphezulu kuneebhetri eziqhelekileyo ezomileyo, kwaye zinamandla okukhupha ngoku aphezulu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-mercury-free zinc powder isetyenzisiwe, ngoko ke le bhetri ibe yibhetri eluhlaza kwaye ibe yimveliso eqhelekileyo kwibhetri yokuqala. Ibhetri yamandla epetroli sisixhobo esigcinwa ngokuthe ngqo ngamafutha kunye ne-oxidant.

Esi sixhobo sokuvelisa amandla asisebenzi nje kuphela, kwaye akukho kukhutshwa kwegesi engcolileyo, okuyiyona nto izayo kunye nokucoca amandla ombane. Iinkampani ezininzi ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe zizibophelele ekuphuhliseni iibhetri zamandla epetroli ezifanelekileyo kwiifowuni eziphathwayo, iikhompyuter zeencwadana. Emva kokuba bewabeke, iinzuzo zabo zoqoqosho ziba nkulu.

Iiseli zelanga ezisetyenziswayo ngoku zenziwe ngesilicon; ngokubanzi kwiphepha elincinci le-electron-uhlobo lwe-silicon enye yekristale ibe ngumaleko obhityileyo we-boron ukufumana iqhina le-PN, uze udibanise i-electrodes. Xa imini ikhazimla kwinqwelomoya encinci ye-boron, amandla ombane ayenzeka. Le bhetri ingasetyenziswa njengombane kwisixhobo kwisathelayithi yomntu.

I-silicon, i-gallium arsenide ikwayinto efanelekileyo yokwenza iiseli zelanga. Abaphandi be-Green Organic Battery Jerusalem baye baphuhlisa into ebizwa ngokuba yi "potato ibhetri", nto leyo kukubeka i-zinc kunye ne-electrodes yobhedu kwiitapile eziphekiweyo, inkqubo elula "ebilisiwe" inokwenza umbane ube ngamaxesha angama-10 amaxesha okuqala angama-10. Nangona kukho umsantsa omncinci phakathi kwebhetri ye-lithium ion ebesiyisebenzisa kumkhwa wethu, i-100% ihambelana nokusingqongileyo ngokupheleleyo.