Ikusasa lingenhla, amabhethri e-lithium ion alishintsha kanjani ikusasa?

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Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, izimoto zikagesi zizothola ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu. Ngokwesibikezelo se-IEA, ngo-2030, isiqinisekiso sezimoto zikagesi emhlabeni wonke sizokhuphuka sisuka ezigidini ezingu-3.7 ngo-2017 siye ezigidini ezingu-130, kanti ivolumu yokuthengisa yonyaka izofinyelela ku-2.

1.5 million. Kulesi simo, umthamo webhethri omusha wonyaka uzokhuphuka usuka ku-68 GW W11 ngo-2017 uya ku-775 GW, lapho u-84% uzosetshenziswa ezimotweni ezilula.

izwe lami, i-EU, i-India, i-US Demand yabalelwa ku-50%, 18%, 12%, no-7% ngokulandelana. Kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, ngobukhulu obukhulu besilinganiso sokukhiqiza, ubuchwepheshe bebhethri ye-lithium-ion yebhethri yemoto kagesi eyinhloko buye bathuthuka kakhulu, intengo yehle kakhulu, ukuze ukusebenza kwezindleko zezimoto zikagesi kuqale ngemoto yamafutha. I-Key Drive Factors Kusukela ngo-1990, ibhethri ye-lithium-ion ibisetshenziswa kabanzi ku-elekthronikhi yabathengi, ukugcinwa kwamandla (indlu, izinsiza), kanye nemboni yezimoto zikagesi.

Ngobukhulu besikali sokukhiqiza, ukusebenza kwayo kube ngcono kakhulu, intengo yehle kakhulu. Ikusasa. Izinto zamakhemikhali.

Ukusebenza kwebhethri kuthintwa izinto ze-polarization. Izinto ze-cathode ziqinile zihlanganisa i-lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC), i-lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (NCA), i-lithium manganese oxide (LMO) ne-lithium iron phosphate (LFP); izinto eziningi ze-anode zisebenzisa i-graphite, izimoto ezisindayo emotweni esindayo Ukuphila okujikelezayo, i-lithium titanate (LTO). Ubuchwepheshe be-NMC kanye ne-NCA ukuthi ukuminyana kwamandla kuphakeme, kubusa imakethe yebhethri elikhanyayo; umthamo wamandla we-LFP uphansi, kodwa uzuze empilweni yomjikelezo ophezulu nokusebenza kokuphepha, kuyisifiso sokusebenzisa izimoto zikagesi ezinzima (okungukuthi izimoto zabagibeli) Izinto zamakhemikhali.

Izinto zamakhemikhali zinomthelela omkhulu ezindlekweni zebhethri, zisebenzisa izinto zamakhemikhali ezihlukene, futhi igebe lamanani lawo lingafinyelela ku-20%. Umthamo webhethri nosayizi. Umthamo webhethri lemoto kagesi uhluke kakhulu, amandla ebhethri ezimoto ezintathu ezincane zikagesi ezweni lami 18.

3 ~ 23 kWh; I-Europe kanye neNyakatho Melika amandla ebhethri yezimoto aphakathi nendawo angama-23 ~ 60 kWh; izimoto ezinkulu umthamo webhethri ku-75 ~ 100 kWh. Uma umthamo webhethri umkhulu, izindleko ziyancipha. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izindleko zeyunithi yebhethri enebhethri engu-70 kW ingaphansi ngo-25% kuno-30 kW.

Isikali somshini. I-Zhang Da processing scale ukuze ibone umnotho wesilinganiso kungenye into ebalulekile. Njengamanje, ububanzi bokukhiqiza obujwayelekile bucishe bube ngu-0.

5 ~ 8 JW / ngonyaka, okuningi kokuphumayo kumayelana ne-3 GW / ngonyaka. Ngokusho komthamo ojwayelekile wama-20 ~ 75 kWh, imoto eyodwa kagesi ibalwa, futhi ukukhishwa kwesitshalo esisodwa kulingana nomshini wamaphakethe webhethri angama-6000-400,000 ngonyaka. Njengamanje, iJalimane, i-United States, izwe lami, i-India nezinye izindawo zisanda kwakhiwa inqwaba yezimboni ezinkulu zebhethri, kufaka phakathi i-Super Factory lapho unyaka we-Tesla ufinyelela ku-35 GW.

Isivinini sokushaja. Ubuchwepheshe bamanje bungashaja u-80% ngemizuzu engama-40 ~ 60. Lesi sikhalazo sengeze inkimbinkimbi yedizayini yebhethri, njengokunciphisa ukujiya kwe-electrode, okuzokwengeza izindleko zebhethri; yehlisa ukuminyana kwamandla ebhethri, ngaleyo ndlela yenza impilo yebhethri ibe mfushane.

Isitatimende sokubola soMnyango Wezamandla wase-US siguqule idizayini yebhethri ukuze ikwazi ukuthwala ama-kilowatts angu-400 wokushaja sizokhuphula izindleko zebhethri. Ukuthambekela okuyinhloko kwenguquko yezinto ezibonakalayo kuzosekelwe ekwakhiweni kwe-IEA, futhi ibhethri ye-lithium-ion isazobusa phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili, kodwa izinto zayo zamakhemikhali zizoshintsha kancane kancane. Ngaphambi kuka-2025, isizukulwane esisha samabhethri e-lithium ion ane-cobalt ephansi, amandla aphezulu aphezulu kanye ne-cathode lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) 811, njll.

izongena ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi. Ku-graphite anode, inani elincane le-silicon liyengezwa, futhi ukuminyana kwamandla kunganyuswa ngo-50%, kuyilapho usawoti we-electrolyte ongakwazi ukumelana ne-voltage ephakeme nawo uzosiza ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza. Phakathi nesikhathi sika-2025 kuya ku-2030, insimbi ye-lithium iyi-cathode, i-graphite / silicon composite material ye-anode, ibhethri ye-lithium ion, ingangena esigabeni sokuklama, futhi ingakwazi ngisho nokwethula ama-electrolyte aqinile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuminyana kwamandla nokuphepha kwebhethri.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe be-lithium ion bungathathelwa indawo ngokunye ukuminyana kwamandla kanye nezindleko eziphansi zethiyori nge-lithium air, i-lithium sulphur, njll. Nokho, izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwalobu buchwepheshe lisephansi kakhulu, futhi ukusebenza kwangempela kusaphenywa. Isihloko esishicilelwe ku-Nature Journal yangoJulayi 26, 2018, isihloko esithi "TenyearsleftToredesignlithium-Ionbatteries" sabonisa ukuthi ukuvela kokusebenza kwebhethri le-lithium-ion kanye nentengo kubekwa kancane.

Ngakho-ke i-tight ibangele inkinga engenhla ihlanganisa: esakhiweni se-crystal yezinto ze-electrode, inani lenkokhelo elingagcinwa lishesha ukusondela kubukhulu bethiyori; ukukhuphuka emakethe kunzima ukuqhubeka nokuletha ukwehla okukhulu kwentengo. Okubi nakakhulu, i-electrode material, njenge-cobalt ne-nickel, ayitholakali kakhulu, futhi intengo iyabiza. Uma lungekho ushintsho olusha, kulindeleke ukuthi lube ngo-2030 ~ 2037 (noma ngaphambili), isidingo se-cobalt ne-nickel.

Isivuno eseqile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinto ezintsha ezihlukile ze-electrode, njengensimbi, ithusi, ithusi, zisesigabeni sokuqala socwaningo. I-athikili idinga ososayensi bezinto zokwakha, onjiniyela kanye nezinhlangano ezixhasa ngemali ukuthi bakhulise ucwaningo ngezinto zikagesi ezisuselwa kunsimbi, ithusi nezinye izinto ezinjengama-reserves.

Uma kungenjalo, ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwezimoto zikagesi kuzovinjelwa. Economic 掂 影响 因 因 因:::: 程: 程: 里 行 里 里 里 里 (程 (里 里 里 (里 里, 里, 里里,. Ngokwezintengo zebhethri, kukhona ibhethri elingu-70-35 kWh / ngonyaka, amandla ebhethri angu-70 ~ 80 kWh / ngonyaka, futhi izindleko zomthamo webhethri zingama-70 ~ 80 kWh, futhi izindleko zika-2030 zingancishiswa zibe yi-100 ~ 122 US dollars / kWh, nezwe lami le-EU (6 kW / 1) i-EU (6 kW) ne-$ 1 izindleko zezindleko zaseJapan ($ 92 / kW) ziseduze kakhulu.

Igebe phakathi kwezindleko zezimoto zikagesi nezitimela zikaphethiloli lizokwehla kancane kancane, kodwa intengo yebhethri nophethiloli idlula ubukhulu bomzimba womzimba. Isibonelo, intengo yebhethri ilingana no-$ 400 / kWh, izimoto zikagesi zincintisana kakhulu, futhi izimoto zikaphethiloli zizoba ngcono kakhulu. Uma intengo yamabhethri emoto kagesi iphansi, uphethiloli unenani eliphezulu, futhi imayela lansuku zonke liphezulu, khetha imoto encane kagesi noma i-plug-in hybrid imoto kunezimoto ezincane zikaphethiloli ezonga kakhulu.

Isibonelo, intengo yebhethri i-$ 120 / kWh, intengo kaphethiloli iphakeme kunanamuhla, khona-ke imoto kagesi ehlanzekile izoba yisinqumo esinomnotho kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-mileage yesikhathi eside. Uma intengo yebhethri ilingana no-$ 260 / kWh, i-mileage ingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-35,000 / ngonyaka, intengo kawoyela ifinyelela ku-$ 1.5 / ilitha, kuyisinqumo esinomnotho.

Ngamabhasi amakhulu kagesi, uma intengo yebhethri ingaphansi kuka-260 US dollar / kWh, ibhasi likagesi elisuka kumakhilomitha angu-4 kuya kwangu-50,000 / ngonyaka liyizindleko zokuncintisana esifundeni ngesistimu yentela ephezulu yedizili.