He aha ka Solar Panels?

1. He aha ka Solar Panels?

ʻO kahi paneli lā, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi he module photo-voltaic (PV) a i ʻole PV panel, he hui o nā pūnaewele lā photovoltaic i kau ʻia ma kahi kiʻi (maʻa mau ʻāpana ʻehā). Hoʻopili nā panela lā i ka lā ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka ikehu ʻālohilohi, i hoʻololi ʻia i loko o ka ikehu uila ma ke ʻano o ka uila pololei (DC).

ʻO kahi hōʻiliʻili hoʻonohonoho pono o nā panela lā i kapa ʻia he ʻōnaehana photovoltaic a i ʻole ka lā hoʻonohonoho. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōnaehana photovoltaic e hana i ka lā uila e hoʻolako pono i nā lako uila, a i ʻole e hoʻihoʻi i ka mana i loko o kahi kaha ʻokoʻa (AC) ma o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohuli. Hiki i kēia uila a laila e hoʻohana ʻia i nā hale, nā hale, a me nā noi ʻē aʻe a i mālama ʻia i loko nā pila no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma hope. Ma ke ʻano he kumu hou a hoʻomau o ka ikehu, solar He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā panela i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā wahie fossil a me ke kōkua e hoemi i ke kalapona.

2. ʻO ke ʻano o nā Panel Solar

Aia nā Panel Solar he nui o nā pūnaewele lā a hoʻohana i ka ikehu māmā (photons) mai ka Lā e hana i ka uila ma o ka hopena photovoltaic. Aia pū kekahi me ka pepa hope, ka pahu a me ka pahu hui, a me ka concentrator paha, nā mea a pau hana pū kekahi o lākou e hōʻoia i ka hana maʻamau o nā panela lā.

He aha ka lā?

He mau mea uila e hoʻololi i ka lā i uila ikehu e ka hopena photovoltaic a ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea he crystalline ma muli o ka wafer nā kilikakika a i ʻole nā ​​kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi. Eia kekahi, kiʻekiʻe ke kumu kūʻai, kiʻekiʻe-efficiency, a Hoʻohana mau ʻia nā pūnaewele ʻāpana ʻāpana ʻehā (MJ) kokoke i ka lā nā panela ma luna o nā mokulele, ʻoiai lākou e hāʻawi i ka ratio kiʻekiʻe o ka mana i hana ʻia no kēlā me kēia kilokilo i ka lewa moʻo, kekahi i kekahi i ka volta makemake, a laila e like me ka hoʻonui kēia manawa.

He aha ka pepa hope?

E like me ka polymer a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana o nā polymers me nā mea hoʻohui like ʻole, backsheet ua hoʻolālā ʻia e hāʻawi i kahi pale ma waena o nā cell solar a me waho kaiapuni. Mai kahi e hiki ai iā mākou ke ʻike i ka pepa hope he mea koʻikoʻi i ka ka lōʻihi, ka maikaʻi, a me ka lōʻihi o ka panel solar.

He aha ka encapsulant?

Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā cell solar me kahi encapsulant, ʻo ia ka mea lahilahi papa o kahi mea polymer i hoʻopili ʻia ma luna o nā keena lā a me ka pepa hope. ʻO ka maʻamau ka polymer maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka encapsulating modules solar ʻO ka ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), ka mea lōʻihi e pale ai i ka lā nā pūnaewele mai kekahi ʻano pōʻino a hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola o ka panel solar.

He aha ka frame?

ʻO ke kiʻi o ka panela lā e pili ana i ke kākoʻo hoʻolālā e paʻa a pale i nā pūnaewele lā, uwila a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i loko o ka panel. ʻo ia i hana ʻia me ka alumini a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea māmā ʻē aʻe e pale ai i nā panela mai ke koʻikoʻi ka hopena o ka lewa. I ka manawa like, hāʻawi ka pahu i kahi ala no ke kau ʻana paʻa ka panel ma luna o ka ʻili, e like me ka hale a i ʻole ka pae ʻāina. In Eia kekahi, hoʻohana pū nā panela solar i nā papa metala me nā ʻāpana racking, nā brackets, nā ʻano mea hōʻike manaʻo, a me nā pahu e kākoʻo maikaʻi i ka panel hale kūkulu.

He aha ka pahu hui?

Ma ke ʻano he pā uila i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hale a pale i nā pili uila, Hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia ka pahu hui e hoʻolako i kahi wahi palekana a palekana no nā hoʻopili uila i mea e pale aku ai i ka hoʻopili ʻana me nā uwea ola a me e maʻalahi i ka mālama ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia kahi pahu hui PV i ke kua o ka panela solar a hana e like me kona puka puka. Kuwaho Hoʻohana nā pilina no ka hapa nui o nā modula photovoltaic i nā mea hoʻohui MC4 e maʻalahi nā hoʻokuʻi ʻana i ka wā i ke koena o ka ʻōnaehana. Hiki i ka mana USB ke e hoohanaia.

He aha ka concentrator?

Aia kekahi mau modula PV solar kūikawā i nā concentrators kahi e kau ai ka mālamalama e nā lens a i ʻole nā ​​aniani i nā keena liʻiliʻi. Hiki i kēia ke ho'ohana i nā pūnaewele me a ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana (e like me ka gallium arsenide) i kahi kumu kūʻai ke ala ma kahi o 45%.

3.The Development History of Solar Panels

I ka makahiki 1839, hiki i kekahi mau mea ke hana i ka hoʻoili uila mai Ua ʻike mua ʻia ka ʻike māmā e ka physicist Farani Edmond Becquerel, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maikaʻi kēia mau panela lā mua no ka uila maʻalahi nā mea hana.

I ka makahiki 1950, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Bell Labs i ka solar silicon hiki ke kūʻai aku ke kelepona i hana ʻia me ke kilika. Eia naʻe, ua kaupalena ʻia ka noi ʻana o ka panel solar i kahi liʻiliʻi nā wahi kūikawā e like me nā satellite lewa, nā kukui, a me kahi mamao nā wahi ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe.

I ka makahiki 1970, ʻo ka hopena o ka pilikia aila a me nā hopohopo kaiapuni i hāpai i ka ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā panela solar ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a maikaʻi. Ma hope o kēlā, nā aupuni a me nā hui pilikino a puni ka honua i hoʻopili nui i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā panela lā.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 2000, ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā uku hānai (FiTs) e kekahi Ua kōkua nui nā ʻāina i ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka lā ʻoihana.I kēia mau lā, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā panela solar a me ke kumukūʻai ma mua o ka wā ma mua, i hoʻohana ʻia ʻaʻole wale ma nā hale a me nā ʻoihana hale akā ma nā papahana hoʻolālā.

4. ʻO nā ʻano o nā Panel Solar

ʻEkolu ʻano o nā panela lā i loaʻa mua i kēia lā: monocrystalline, polycrystalline (ʻike ʻia ʻo multi-crystalline), a kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi.

l Hoʻokumu ʻia nā panela solar monocrystalline me ke silika maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi loaa mai ke aniani hookahi. ʻO nā ʻano panel a pau, nā panela monocrystalline 'Oi aku ka maika'i (ma luna o 20%) a me ka mana mana. ʻo kēia no ka mea, hāʻawi nā panela solar monocrystalline ma luna o 300 watts (W) o ka mana ka mana, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 400 W. he aha hou aku, Monocrystalline solar panels ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kumu hoʻohālike polycrystalline e pili ana i ka coefficient wela - he ana o ka hana a ka panela i na wela wela. ʻOiai kēia ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻo nā panela solar monocrystalline ka mea nui loa koho, no laila ua kaulana lākou me ka poʻe i lawa ka waihona kālā a makemake lākou e hoʻonui i kāu mālama pila uila e like me ke kālepa, ka lehulehu a me ke aupuni ʻoihana.

l ʻO PolyCrystalline a i ʻole multiCrystalline solar panels he paneli lā ia i loko o kekahi mau kristal o ke silika i loko o hoʻokahi pūnaewele PV. ʻO kēia mau panela lā hana ʻia me nā pūnaewele photovoltaic he nui. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia cell nā kristal silika ʻo ia ka mea e hana ai ma ke ʻano he mea semiconductor. I ka wā o nā kiʻi mai ka hāʻule ka lā ma ka hui PN (ka hui ʻana ma waena o nā mea N-type a me P-type), hāʻawi ia i ka ikehu i nā electrons i hiki iā lākou ke kahe e like me ke au uila. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā panela solar monocrystalline, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā panela solar polycrystalline ʻoluʻolu no ka mea ʻaʻole koi lākou i ke ʻano a me ke kau ʻana o kēlā me kēia ʻO ka kristal a me ka hapa nui o ka silika i hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā hana a ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai pono 

Ke hiki mai i kona mau hemahema, kona haʻahaʻa hana, emi ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka lewa a me ka hana maikaʻi ʻole i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe e hoʻopilikia i kāna hana hou aʻe hooulu ana. Ma muli o kēia, loaʻa nā panela solar multiCrystalline i nā māla lā nui e hoʻohana i ka mana o ka lā a hoʻolako i ka uila i nā wahi kokoke, nā mea kūʻokoʻa a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻohana ponoʻī e like me nā kukui uila i loko nā wahi mamao, nā hale waho-grid, etc.

l Hana ʻia nā panela solar kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni ma ka waiho ʻana i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā ʻāpana lahilahi (thin kiʻiʻoniʻoni a i ʻole TF) o nā mea photovoltaic ma luna o kahi pani, e like me ke aniani, ka plastic metala paha. Ke hoʻohālikelike i ka monocrystalline a me ka polycrystalline silicon nā panels, koi lākou i nā mea semiconductor liʻiliʻi i ka hana hana ʻoiai lākou e hana like ana ma lalo o ka hopena photovoltaic a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hana a me ka mana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o nā paneli lā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma mua o ka lā silicon crystalline nā panela 

No laila, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou ma ka pālākiō pono mai ka lā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi hoʻohaʻahaʻa nā paneli i ka wikiwiki. A hoʻokahi noi maʻamau no ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi ʻO nā panela lā ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā modula PV maʻalahi ma luna o nā hale kaʻa (nā RV a i ʻole nā ​​kaʻa kaʻa maʻamau) a me nā papa o nā waʻa a me nā moku ʻē aʻe. A no ka ʻO kona pono ākea, ua lilo ia i mea kaulana loa i waena o ka poʻe makemake hoʻokō hale-Hoʻohui photovoltaics.

5. Nā ʻano hoʻomohala o nā Panela Lā

Ke alakaʻi ʻia nei ka mākeke panel solar e ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hoʻopukapuka i ka mea hou ʻoihana ikehu, ke emi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai o nā panela PV lā, a me ka maikaʻi e kū mai ana nā hoʻoponopono aupuni. ʻelua monocrystalline a me polycrystalline silicon cell ua ʻike i ke koi kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā noi hale. Cadmium ʻO ka telluride a me ka amorphous silicon cell e manaʻo ʻia e ulu nā manawa kūpono ma muli o ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa. A ua hāʻule nā ​​kumukūʻai PV module ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki 2023, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lako polysilicon 

ʻOiai i kēia manawa Wahi a ka ʻikepili, i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻoihana ʻoihana COVID-19, ka honua mākeke no nā Panel Solar i manaʻo ʻia ma US $ 50.1 Billion i ka makahiki 2022, ʻo ia manaʻo ʻia e hōʻea i kahi nui i hoʻoponopono ʻia o US $ 98.5 Billion e 2030, e ulu ana ma kahi CAGR o 8.8% ma luna o ka wā hoʻopalekana 2022-2030. Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel, kekahi o nā ʻāpana i kālai ʻia i ka hōʻike, manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i kahi 8.2% CAGR a hiki i ka US $48.2 Billion ma ka pau ana o ka manawa anaana. E noʻonoʻo ana i ka ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻōla ma hope o ka maʻi maʻi, ka ulu ʻana o ka māhele Thin-Film Solar Panel hoʻoponopono hou ʻia i kahi 8.9% CAGR i hoʻoponopono hou ʻia no ka manawa 8 makahiki e hiki mai ana.

6. ʻO ka hoʻopukapuka kālā o nā panela lā

ʻOiai ʻo ka lā ka lua o ka ikehu maʻemaʻe i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa ʻenehana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa e ka mana i kau ʻia, manaʻo ʻia ka PV solar ʻO kekahi o nā kumu kumu kūʻai ʻoi loa o ka ikehu i loaʻa i ka makahiki 2050, ʻoi aku ma nā wahi i loaʻa i ka radiation solar maikaʻi loa, a ke alakaʻi ʻia nei ke ʻano e kekahi kumu.

l Hoʻohālikelike ʻAno Huahana

Ke alakaʻi nei ka panel solar polycrystalline i ka mākeke me ka 48% o ka māhele kūʻai waiwai a manaʻo ʻia e hopu i ka mahele mākeke kiʻekiʻe ma wā wānana, ʻoi aku ma ka ʻāpana noho. Akā ʻo ka holomua i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi E alakaʻi pū nā modula solar PV i ka ulu ʻana o ka mākeke solar i ka wā e hiki mai ana mau makahiki. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā microgrids a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ʻO nā hale zero-energy e alakaʻi i ke koi nui ma ka mākeke.

l Ka Hoʻomākaʻikaʻi Mea hoʻohana

Ma ka ʻano mea hoʻohana hope, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka mākeke i hale noho, ʻoihana, ʻoihana a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe. Ke alakaʻi nei ka māhele pāʻoihana i ka mākeke me ka ʻoi aku ma mua o 33% o ka māhele mākeke waiwai no ka mea e koi lākou i kahi mea nui ka nui o ka ikehu e hōʻoia i ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻomau a me ka hana kōkua pū kekahi i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka uila uila i ka wā e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ana i ka hana nā kumukūʻai a me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka wāwae kalapona. Akā mai ka hapa nui o nā aupuni ua kau ʻia ke kānāwai ana i ka ʻupena me nā mea nui kōkua no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana solar ma nā hale noho. ʻO kēia mau pūnaewele hoʻohana maʻalahi i ka ʻāpana noho ma muli o kā lākou kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia i mono-crystalline solar cell.

l Ka Hoʻohālua ʻĀpana

Wahi a ka ʻikepili, ʻo ka ʻāina ʻo Asia-Pacific ka mea e noho aliʻi nei i ka mākeke waiwai kaʻana like. No ka mea, ʻo ʻAsia-Pākīpika ka ʻāina nui loa ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i ka helu o kanaka e noho ana. ʻO ka ʻāina hoʻi ka home o Kina, he mea nui ka mana hana no nā cell solar polycrystalline e hoʻokō i ka koi o ka aina. A hoʻolālā hoʻi ʻo India e hoʻonohonoho i nā ʻāpana hana lā ma lalo ka hana a ke aupuni.

7. Nā mea e noʻonoʻo ai no nā panela lā kiʻekiʻe

Ke kūʻai aku nei i nā panela solar, ʻaʻole wale ke kumukūʻai a me ka maikaʻi e pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia, pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia nā kumu ʻē aʻe.

Mahana: ʻO nā panela Monocrystalline a me ka polycrystalline ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa ma waena o 59°F a me 95°F. ʻO nā ʻāpana me nā mahana kiʻekiʻe i ke kauwela i hiki hiki i ka panela lā ke hiki i ka wela o loko o ka 100°F ka emi ana o ka pono. I ke koho ʻana i kahi inverter, pono ia e noonoo i ke kulana.

Hoʻohaʻahaʻa Māmā (LID): ʻO ka LID e pili ana i kahi metric o ka poho hana hana ʻia me nā paneli crystalline i nā hola mua o ka lā hōʻike. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka LID mai 1% a i 3% i ka nalowale o ka pono. No laila, pono e noʻonoʻo i ke koho ʻana i nā panela solar.

Ka helu ahi: Pono nā Code Building International i nā panela solar e hoʻohālikelike i ko lākou ka helu ahi o ka hale e hōʻoia i nā panela ʻaʻole e hoʻolalelale i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā lapalapa. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻekolu ʻano o ka Papa. Hāʻawi ka Papa A i ka hapa nui pale i loko o ke ahi, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki i ke ahi ke pālahalaha aku ma mua o ʻeono kapuaʻi. Papa B ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka laha ʻana o ka lapalapa ma mua o ʻewalu kapuaʻi, a ʻo ka Papa C e hōʻoia i ke ahi ʻaʻole i pālahalaha ma mua o 13 kapuaʻi.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka lewa: No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā panela Crystalline no nā wahi hiki ke loaʻa i ka huahekili kaumaha no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke pale i ka paʻi ʻana o ka huahekili i ka piʻi ʻana i 50 mph. ʻOiai hāʻawi ʻia i kā lākou hoʻolālā lahilahi, ʻaʻole kūpono nā panela solar hin-film no ka huahekili. He ʻōnaehana lā e hoʻohana ana i nā mea hoʻopaʻa, nā modules through-bolting, a i ʻole a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻōnaehana kaʻa kaʻa ʻekolu no nā hale i ʻike ʻia a ʻino a i ʻole ʻino ʻino.

Pono: ʻO ka maikaʻi o kahi paneli lā e pili ana i ka nui o ka lā hiki ke hoʻololi i uila. E hoʻohua hou aku kahi pānaʻi solar kiʻekiʻe uila mai ka nui like o ka malamalama o ka lā ma mua o ka papa hana haʻahaʻa.