Inkunkuma yebhetri: Ngaba ungayijula ​​okanye ungayilahli?

ଲେଖକ: ଆଇଫ୍ଲୋପାୱାର - អ្នកផ្គត់ផ្គង់ស្ថានីយ៍ថាមពលចល័ត

Ukuba umntu uyabuza: ngaba ibhetri inkunkuma kufuneka ingahlaziywa? Ndikholelwa ukuba abantu abaninzi baya kuthi: Ewe, ifanele ihlaziywe, ingcolise kakhulu imekobume! Kulo mbuzo, kusafuneka sahlukane. Ngeminyaka yoo-1990s, ilizwe lam likhuthaze ngamandla ukuphinda kusetyenziswe iibhetri zenkunkuma ngenxa yokuba ibhetri ekwibhetri kunye neentsimbi ezinzima ezifana neendawo ezinobungozi kunye nempilo yabantu. Nangona kunjalo, akukho teknoloji ilungileyo yokujongana nezi bhetri zisetyenzisiweyo.

Ngo-2003, i-original State Environmental Protection Administration ngokudibeneyo yaseka uMphathiswa woPhuhliso, uMphathiswa wezoKwakha, uMphathiswa wezeNzululwazi kunye neTekhnoloji, kunye noMphathiswa wezoRhwebo, owabhengeza "uMgaqo-nkqubo weNkunkuma yeBattery Pollution". Cacisa ngokucacileyo: phantsi kokungabikho kweemeko zobugcisa bokurisayikilisha, akukhuthazwa ukuqokelela iibhetri ezilahlwayo eziye zafikelela kwi-mercury ephantsi yesizwe okanye i-non-mercury-free. Ke, ngaba kukho naluphi na ungcoliseko ebhetrini? Kanjalo! Nangona kunjalo, le mbiza emnyama akufuneki ivumele iibhetri eziqhelekileyo ezilahlayo ezomileyo zibuyele.

Ngokubanzi, iimveliso zebhetri zinokwahlulwa zibe ziibhetri eziziiprayimari (ezidla ngokusetyenziswa kuqala, No. 5, 7 iibhetri ezomileyo kunye namaqhosha). Yeebhetri ezikhaphukhaphu, ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo); iibhetri zesibini (iibhetri ezinokutshajwa kwakhona, ukusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo kwiifowuni eziphathwayo, iikhamera zedijithali kunye neekhompyutheni) kunye nebhetri (imilo enkulu, ibalulekile kwiimoto kunye nezithuthi zombane) iindidi ezintathu.

Malunga ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa No. 5, No. Iibhetri ezi-7 ezomileyo ziye zafikelela kweli lizwe nge-mercury ephantsi okanye i-mercury-free battery, sinokuyibiza: ibhetri enokuthi ilahlwe.

Ezi bhetri ezinokulahlwa ngokuthe ngqo aziyi kubangela iingxaki zongcoliseko lwendalo emva kokusetyenziswa kombane. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba kufunyaniswe kude nenkunkuma yasekhaya, unyango lokusasazeka, ngonyango lwe-leachate, njl., kwaye ekugqibeleni ukhuphe inkunkuma.

Ukugxininiswa koxinzelelo kugxininisekile, kwaye ngumthombo omkhulu wongcoliseko. Ukongeza, isitaki sebhetri esidala esiqokelelweyo sibekwe kwisiqwenga, esinokubangela ukuvuza kwentsimbi enzima ngenxa yokungqubana. Qaphela: Musa ukuyijula ​​kumhlaba wokufama okanye kwiindawo ezimanzi.

Ukuba ufumile, ungcoliseko oluthile lwenzeka. Kukwakho neklasi: ibhetri isafuna ukuchacha. "I-Waste Battery Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology Policy" yabonisa ukuba ukuqokelela kweebhetri zenkunkuma yibhetri ye-cadmium-nickel, ibhetri ye-hydrogen-nickel, ibhetri ye-lithium-ion, ibhetri ye-lead-acid, kunye nebhetri yokuqala engenankunkuma.

Kwangaxeshanye, ikwachaza ukuba abavelisi, abarhwebi kumazwe angaphandle, abavelisi, abarhwebi kumazwe angaphandle, kunye nabavelisi beebhetri ezitshajekayo okanye iibhetri ezizibhokoxa kufuneka bathwale uxanduva lokufumana kwakhona ezi bhetri zilahliweyo zingentla. Ke ngoko, ibhetri etshajwayo, amaqhosha ebhetri, kunye nebhetri kunye nebhetri ziphezulu. Nje ukuba ukuvuza kusenzeka, akusayi kungcolisa kuphela okusingqongileyo, kodwa kwakhona kuyingozi kumzimba womntu, ibhetri elolo hlobo kufuneka ihlaziywe ngokungenabungozi ngumenzi okanye umthengisi.

Iimbono zeengcali ze-Shanghai Electric Power School, iYunivesithi yaseShanghai yoLawulo loMbane woMbane kunye neSicelo se-Electrochemistry Key Laboratory uSekela Mlawuli uZhang Junxi Emva kwe-2006, ukuthengiswa kweebhetri ezomileyo ziye zaqaphela i-mercury, ayisekho isinyithi esinzima esiyingozi ebantwini kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ibhetri eyomileyo engenawo inkunkuma yemercury iphathwa ngenkunkuma eqhelekileyo yasekhaya, kodwa akukho ngqiqweni. Ayikho enye intsimbi yentsimbi kwindalo.

Xa kuthelekiswa nenkunkuma eyomileyo yebhetri, siwela phezu kwebhetri endala, ngelixa sicofa iminerali yendalo ngokuqhubekayo, sibeka intsimbi ekrwada etyebileyo, kwaye somba intlupheko. Kufuneka kusekwe indlela epheleleyo yolawulo lokubuyisela ibhetri, ikhokele abasebenzisi ukuba bathumele ibhetri kwindawo echongiweyo endaweni yokuphosa, ukuqinisekisa ukurisayikilishwa okugqibeleleyo. Enyanisweni, inkqubo efanelekileyo yokubuyisela ibhetri yenkunkuma kufuneka ibe yindlela yokuba abavelisi beebhetri bathengise iibhetri ebantwini.

Emva kokuba uluntu lusetyenzisiwe, lufakwa kwibhokisi yokubuyisela. Ibhetri ekwibhokisi yomamkeli iqokelelwa ngakumbi, ishwankathela inkampani yokuhlaziya ibhetri, ibhetri Inkampani yokuRecycling ikhupha izinto eziluncedo kwiibhetri zenkunkuma, ibonelela umenzi webhetri njengento ekrwada yokuvelisa iibhetri. Oku kugqiba umjikelo wezinto ezintle, akukho nkunkuma ibonakala kwaye ikhutshelwe kwimo engqongileyo, yenze ungcoliseko olunokubakho.

Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yangoku yokurisayikilisha ngokusisiseko ide ibe yibhokisi yokubuyisela, eyenza iibhetri ezininzi zenkunkuma ezigcinwe emhlabeni jikelele, kwaye isixa siya sikhula kwaye sikhudlwana. Isixa sikhulu ukusa kumkhamo othile, odlula umthamo wokusingqongileyo kwaye ube ziziganeko zongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo. Ke, amanye amazwe ehlabathini angajongana njani neebhetri zenkunkuma? Amazwe e-EU anyanzelisa zonke iibhetri zenkunkuma kuzo zonke iibhetri zenkunkuma yeyona ndawo icokisekileyo kwihlabathi.

Ngo-2006, i-EU yazisa imiyalelo yesikhokelo solawulo lweeseli zenkunkuma, ezibizwa ngokuba yi "battery order". Ngokwalo myalelo, amazwe angamalungu e-EU kufuneka abuyise zonke iintlobo zeebhetri eziphathwayo ngokuphuhlisa eyawo imithetho. Kukho impendulo ecacileyo "kuMyalelo woMbane": 1.

Zonke iibhetri ziqulethe izinto ezinobungozi; Okwesibini, umyalelo wangaphambili ubalulekile ukulawula iibhetri ezinobungozi (oko kukuthi, i-mercury, i-cadmium, ibhetri ekhokelayo), kodwa ukuziqhelanisa kubonisa ukuba Ukubuyisela kwakhona zonke iibhetri kuphezulu kunokuba kuqokelelwe ibhetri enye ephathekayo;. IJamani, elinye laMazwe angamaLungu aseka i-EU, yinkunkuma yokuhlaziya ibhetri kunye nokurisayikilishwa kokurisayikilishwa. Indlela esebenzayo eya eJamani kulawulo lwenkunkuma kukuseka inkqubo yoxanduva lomntu wemveliso.

Umthetho waseJamani umisela ukuba abavelisi beebhetri okanye abameli bamaqela esithathu kufuneka babonelele ngenkxaso-mali, intlawulo, ukuphatha kunye nokurisayikilishwa kweendleko ezishiyekileyo, abavelisi okanye abameli bomntu wesithathu, kwaye babe nesiphumo senkxaso-mali yokuqokelelwa kwentlawulo. Imirhumo yokwazisa uluntu ngokusetyenzwa kunye nokurisayikilisha kusetyenziswa iibhetri zenkunkuma. Kungenxa yokusekwa kwale nkqubo, urhulumente noluntu baye bayekelela ngakumbi, kwaye urhulumente angabeka amandla amaninzi kulawulo lwenkqubo yokurisayikilisha, kwaye uluntu lunokusebenzisa le nkonzo ukunceda umvelisi.

Itekhnoloji yokuphatha inkunkuma yase-US evuthiweyo kukusetyenziswa kwebhetri, inani lilonke lebhetri esetyenzisiweyo kwaye elahliwe linokufikelela kwiibhiliyoni. Ukuze kuncitshiswe umonakalo webhetri kwindalo esingqongileyo, urhulumente wase-US kunye nababucala bathathe amanyathelo athile, umphumo uyabonakala. Kwi-1996, i-US Federal Environmental Protection Agency yakhupha "i-Mercury Battery kunye ne-Rechargeable Battery Management Law", evimbela ukuthengisa i-mercury-containing columnar dry batterys.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-nickel-cadmium kunye neebhetri ze-lead-acid ezitshajwayo kufuneka zihlaziywe ngabathengisi. Kwaye idluliselwe kwiinkampani ezingenzi nzuzo ukuze zisetyenziswe kwakhona. Ukongeza, iUnited States nayo inenkqubo eqhelekileyo yolawulo lwenkunkuma eyingozi.

Inkunkuma eyingozi ngokubanzi yeyenkunkuma eyingozi, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukunyanga inkunkuma eqhelekileyo yasekhaya. Okwangoku, inkunkuma enobungozi jikelele ngaphandle kwebhetri, kubandakanywa amayeza okubulala izinambuzane, izixhobo ezinemercury kunye neetyhubhu ezinemercury. Ngokuphathelele le nkunkuma, i-US Federal Government iye yazisa umgangatho ocacileyo obandakanya umsebenzi onxulumene nenkqubo yokulahla, ukugcinwa, ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi, impendulo yongxamiseko, njl.

Ukongeza, iinkampani zase-US zinenkqubo yemithombo yenkunkuma edala kakhulu kunye neteknoloji yonyango engenabungozi; okoko oorhulumente basekhaya beseke inkqubo efanelekileyo yokurisayikilisha, ezi bhetri zinokuphathwa kakuhle. Ilahleko yenkunkuma yebhetri yaseTaiwan Phesheya kweelwandle ITaiwan sele iqalisile ukubandakanya zonke iibhetri zenkunkuma kwikhathalogu yemveliso yokurisayikilishwa kwakhona ngonyaka, ifuna abavelisi bebhetri ukuba baphinde basebenzise iibhetri ezilahliweyo kwaye bayiphathe kwiiprosesa ezifanelekileyo. Ukuba umvelisi akakhathali, uya kujongana nesohlwayo sentengiso.

Emva kweminyaka engaphezu kweshumi yomsebenzi onzima, iTaiwan inendawo yokubuyisela ibhetri yenkunkuma, kwaye izinga lokubuyisela iibhetri zenkunkuma lifikelele ngaphezu kwe-40%. Le mpumelelo idlula inqanaba lamazwe amaninzi e-EU. Yiyo kanye ngenxa yezinga lokubuyisela iibhetri zenkunkuma, ngoko ke yenza umphumo wezoqoqosho, inkunkuma echithwayo yasekuqaleni igxininiswe, kodwa iba yinto yokuphanga.

Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yenkxaso enganeleyo karhulumente, iinkampani zangaphandle zinenzuzo kwinkxaso-mali kunye neteknoloji, ziphakamisa ixabiso lokuthengwa kwezixhobo zebhetri ezichithwayo, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha seeseli zenkunkuma zithunyelwa eYurophu, eJapan, eMzantsi Korea, eU.SA nakwamanye amazwe. Iintsimbi zexabiso eliphezulu ezifana nentsimbi, i-manganese kunye ne-zinc equlethwe kwiseli yenkunkuma, ayizange ihlale kwikhonkco loshishino lwendawo yendawo. IJapan Phonononga iTekhnoloji yoLungiso olugqibeleleyo lwaseJapan ukugcina ezinye.

Iseli yenkunkuma yindlela yokubuyisela okanye ixutywe kwinkunkuma eqhelekileyo, kwaye isigqibo kukuba urhulumente wasekhaya. Nangona kunjalo, kubonakalise ukuba uninzi lweebhetri zenkunkuma zifunyenwe ngoorhulumente basekhaya. Uninzi lwazo luya kuphathwa ngabaphathi bebhetri abaqeqeshiweyo kwaye baphinde basetyenziswe, kwaye abaqokelelwa yinkunkuma.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amazwe abalulekileyo ehlabathini aphuhlisa iteknoloji yokuchithwa kwebhetri enokuthi isebenze ngakumbi ekusebenziseni, kodwa ayifumani ingqwalasela yazo zonke iinkalo (kubandakanywa nokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwemithombo, ukonga amandla kunye nokugcinwa kweendleko). Indlela efanelekileyo. Ke ngoko, ishishini lebhetri laseJapan liya kuqhubeka nokuqokelela kunye nokufunda ubuchule obunxulumene neebhetri zenkunkuma, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuveliswa kweebhetri ezingenamekhyuri kwihlabathi jikelele ngeempembelelo zomenzi webhetri waseJapan phesheya kolwandle.