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Solar Panels yog dab tsi?

Plaub Hlis Ntuj 26, 2023

1. Hnub ci vaj huam sib luag yog dab tsi?

Lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag, tseem hu ua photo-voltaic (PV) module lossis PV vaj huam sib luag, yog ib qho sib dhos ntawm photovoltaic hnub ci hlwb mounted nyob rau hauv ib tug (feem ntau yog rectangular) ncej. Hnub ci vaj huam sib luag ntes lub hnub ci ua ib qhov chaw ntawm lub zog radiant, uas yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm direct tam sim no (DC) hluav taws xob.


Kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag yog hu ua photovoltaic system los yog hnub ci array. Arrays ntawm photovoltaic system tuaj yeem siv los tsim lub hnub ci hluav taws xob uas muab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ncaj qha, lossis pub lub zog rov qab mus rau hauv ib qho alternate tam sim no (AC) daim phiaj ntawm ib qho inverter system.Qhov hluav taws xob tuaj yeem tom qab ntawd siv los siv hluav taws xob hauv tsev, tsev, thiab lwm yam kev siv lossis khaws cia rau hauv roj teeb rau siv tom qab. Raws li ib tug tauj dua tshiab thiab sustainable qhov chaw ntawm lub zog, hnub ci panels ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txo qis kev cia siab ntawm fossil fuels thiab pab txo cov pa roj carbon emissions.



2. Cov qauv ntawm cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag

Hnub ci vaj huam sib luag muaj ntau lub hnub ci hlwb thiab siv lub teeb lub zog (photons) los ntawm lub hnub los tsim hluav taws xob los ntawm cov nyhuv photovoltaic. Nws kuj suav nrog backsheet, ncej thiab junction box, thiab tej zaum concentrator, tag nrho ntawm lawv ua hauj lwm ua ke los xyuas kom meej cov hauj lwm zoo ntawm lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag.

Hnub ci cell yog dab tsi?

Solar cells yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas hloov lub hnub ci mus rau hauv hluav taws xob lub zog los ntawm cov nyhuv photovoltaic thiab feem ntau ntawm lawv yog wafer-based crystalline silicon cell los yog nyias zaj duab xis. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus nqi siab, kev ua haujlwm siab, thiab close-packed rectangular multi-junction (MJ) cells feem ntau yog siv hnub ci panels ntawm spacecraft, raws li lawv muab qhov siab tshaj plaws piv ntawm generated zog ib kilogram lifted rau hauv qhov chaw.Cov hlwb feem ntau yog txuas hluav taws xob hauv series, ib qho mus rau lwm qhov mus rau qhov xav tau voltage, thiab tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv parallel kom nce tam sim no.


Backsheet yog dab tsi?

Raws li ib tug polymer los yog ib tug ua ke ntawm polymers nrog ntau yam additives, backsheet yog tsim los muab kev thaiv ntawm lub hnub ci hlwb thiab sab nraud ib puag ncig. Los ntawm qhov peb tuaj yeem pom cov ntawv rov qab yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv cov durability, efficiency, thiab lub neej ntev ntawm lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag.


Dab tsi yog encapsulant?

Hnub ci hlwb feem ntau coated nrog ib qho encapsulant, uas feem ntau yog nyias txheej ntawm cov khoom siv polymer uas yog siv rau lub hnub ci hlwb thiab cov daim ntawv rov qab. Feem ntau cov polymer feem ntau siv hauv encapsulating hnub ci modules yog ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), uas yog ruaj txaus los tiv thaiv lub hnub ci hlwb los ntawm txhua yam kev puas tsuaj thiab ncua lub neej ntawm lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag.


Frame yog dab tsi?

Lub thav duab ntawm lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag yog hais txog cov qauv kev txhawb nqa uas tuav thiab tiv thaiv lub hnub ci hlwb, xaim thiab lwm yam khoom hauv lub vaj huam sib luag. Nws yog ua los ntawm txhuas lossis lwm yam khoom siv hnyav los tiv thaiv cov vaj huam sib luag los ntawm huab cua huab cua cuam tshuam. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tus ncej kuj muab ib txoj kev rau mounting lub vaj huam sib luag ruaj ntseg rau ntawm qhov chaw, xws li lub ru tsev lossis hauv pem teb khib. Hauv Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag kuj tseem siv cov thav ntawv hlau uas muaj cov khoom siv racking, brackets, reflector shapes, thiab troughs los txhawb lub vaj huam sib luag zoo dua qauv.


Dab tsi yog junction box?

Raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siv rau hauv tsev thiab tiv thaiv kev sib txuas hluav taws xob, junction box yog tsim tshwj xeeb los muab kev nyab xeeb thiab ruaj ntseg ib puag ncig rau kev sib txuas hluav taws xob thiaj li tiv thaiv kev sib cuag nrog cov xov hlau nyob thiab los ua kom yooj yim txij nkawm lossis kho dua yav tom ntej. Feem ntau, PV junction box txuas nrog mus rau sab nraum qab ntawm lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag thiab ua haujlwm raws li nws cov zis interface. Sab nraud kev sib txuas rau feem ntau photovoltaic modules siv MC4 connectors los pab kom yooj yim weatherproof kev twb kev txuas mus rau tus so ntawm lub system. Lub USB fais fab interface tuaj yeem kuj siv tau.


Concentrator yog dab tsi?

Qee qhov tshwj xeeb hnub ci PV modules suav nrog cov concentrators uas lub teeb tsom los ntawm lo ntsiab muag los yog tsom iav mus rau cov hlwb me. Qhov no ua rau kev siv cov hlwb nrog a tus nqi siab hauv ib cheeb tsam (xws li gallium arsenide) hauv tus nqi zoo txoj kev mus txog 45%.




3.Qhov Kev Txhim Kho Keeb Kwm ntawm Hnub Ci Vaj Huam Sib Luag

Xyoo 1839, muaj peev xwm ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv los tsim hluav taws xob los ntawm Lub teeb raug pom thawj zaug los ntawm Fabkis physicist Edmond Becquerel, Txawm hais tias cov thawj hnub ci vaj huam sib luag no tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau cov hluav taws xob yooj yim khoom siv.

Hauv xyoo 1950, Tswb Labs tau tsim thawj lub lag luam uas siv tau silicon hnub ci cell ua los ntawm silicon. Txawm li cas los xij, daim ntawv thov ntawm lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag tau txwv rau a ob peb qhov tshwj xeeb xws li chaw satellites, lighthouses, thiab tej thaj chaw deb qhov chaw vim tus nqi siab.


Hauv xyoo 1970, qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov teeb meem roj thiab kev txhawj xeeb ib puag ncig txhawb nqa txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau pheej yig dua thiab ua tau zoo hnub ci vaj huam sib luag. Tom qab ntawd, tsoom fwv thiab cov tuam txhab ntiag tug thoob plaws ntiaj teb tau txuas nrog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob ntawm solar panels.


Nyob rau xyoo 2000s thaum ntxov, kev qhia txog kev noj zaub mov (FiTs) los ntawm qee qhov lub teb chaws zoo heev pab txhawb kev loj hlob sai ntawm hnub ci kev lag luam.Tam sim no, cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag tau ua ntau npaum li cas thiab pheej yig dua dua li yav dhau los, uas tau siv tsis yog hauv tsev thiab kev lag luam xwb cov vaj tse tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov phiaj xwm infrastructure.




4.Cov Hom Solar Panels

Muaj peb hom hnub ci vaj huam sib luag feem ntau muaj hnub no: monocrystalline, polycrystalline (tseem hu ua multi-crystalline), thiab nyias zaj duab xis.


l Monocrystalline solar panels yog tsim los ntawm high-purity silicon, uas yog muab tau los ntawm ib tug crystal. Ntawm txhua hom vaj huam sib luag, monocrystalline panels feem ntau muaj qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws (tshaj 20%) thiab lub zog muaj peev xwm. Qhov no yog vim tias monocrystalline hnub ci vaj huam sib luag muab ntau dua 300 watts (W) ntawm lub zog muaj peev xwm, qee qhov ntau tshaj 400 W. dab tsi ntxiv, Monocrystalline hnub ci vaj huam sib luag kuj tseem yuav ua tau zoo dua cov qauv polycrystalline hais txog qhov kub thiab txias coefficient - ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag kev ua tau zoo hauv qhov sov sov. Txawm tias cov no qhov zoo, monocrystalline hnub ci vaj huam sib luag zoo li yuav kim tshaj plaws kev xaiv, yog li lawv nyiam dua nrog cov neeg uas muaj peev nyiaj txaus thiab nyiam ua kom koj cov nqi hluav taws xob txuag nyiaj ntau tshaj plaws xws li kev lag luam, pej xeem thiab tsoomfwv chav haujlwm.


l PolyCrystalline lossis multiCrystalline hnub ci vaj huam sib luag yog hnub ci vaj huam sib luag uas muaj ob peb crystals ntawm silicon nyob rau hauv ib tug tib PV cell. Cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag no yog tsim los ntawm ntau lub cell photovoltaic. Txhua lub cell muaj silicon crystals uas ua rau nws ua haujlwm raws li cov khoom siv semiconductor. Thaum cov photons los ntawm lub Hnub ci poob ntawm PN kev sib tshuam (kev sib txuas ntawm N-hom thiab P-hom khoom), nws muab lub zog rau cov electrons kom lawv ntws tau raws li hluav taws xob tam sim no. Piv rau monocrystalline hnub ci vaj huam sib luag, polycrystalline hnub ci vaj huam sib luag muaj ntau dua eco-friendly raws li lawv tsis xav tau tus kheej shaping thiab tso ntawm txhua tus siv lead ua thiab feem ntau ntawm silicon yog siv thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom thiab tus nqi ntau dua siv tau. 


Thaum nws los txog rau nws qhov tsis zoo, nws qhov kev ua haujlwm qis dua, tsawg dua qhov chaw zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nws ntxiv kev loj hlob. Raws li cov no, multiCrystalline solar panels muaj nyob rau hauv loj hnub ci ua liaj ua teb siv lub zog ntawm lub hnub thiab muab hluav taws xob rau thaj chaw nyob ze, standalone lossis self-powered li xws li teeb pom kev zoo nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw deb, tsev neeg tsis muaj kab sib chaws, thiab lwm yam.


l Thin-film solar panels yog tsim los ntawm kev tso ib lossis ntau txheej nyias (nyias films lossis TFs) ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob photovoltaic mus rau lub substrate, xws li iav, yas los yog hlau. Thaum ua kev sib piv rau monocrystalline thiab polycrystalline silicon panels, lawv xav tau cov khoom siv semiconductor tsawg dua hauv kev tsim khoom thaum lawv ua haujlwm zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv photovoltaic thiab pheej yig dua. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig thiab muaj peev xwm qis zog.In Tsis tas li ntawd, nyias-film solar panels degrade sai dua crystalline silicon hnub ci vaj huam sib luag. 


Yog li lawv feem ntau yog siv rau ntawm qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob txij li hnub ci nyias nyias panels degrade ntawm qeeb qeeb qeeb. Thiab ib daim ntawv thov rau nyias-zaj duab xis Hnub ci vaj huam sib luag yog kev teeb tsa ntawm PV modules hloov tau ntawm lub tsheb ru tsev (feem ntau RVs lossis tsheb npav) thiab cov nkoj ntawm cov nkoj thiab lwm cov nkoj. Thiab vim nws qhov chaw kom zoo dua, nws tau dhau los ua ntau thiab nrov ntawm cov neeg xav tau ua tiav lub tsev-Integrated photovoltaics.




5. Txoj Kev Txhim Kho Kev Txhim Kho ntawm Hnub Ci Vaj Huam Sib Luag

Kev ua lag luam hnub ci vaj huam sib luag yog tsav los ntawm kev nqis peev ntxiv hauv kev txuas ntxiv kev lag luam hluav taws xob, tus nqi poob qis ntawm cov hnub ci PV panels, thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo tsoom fwv cov cai.Ob leeg monocrystalline thiab polycrystalline silicon hlwb tau pom kev xav tau siab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov vaj tse. Cadmium telluride thiab amorphous silicon cells yuav tsum tsim kom muaj kev loj hlob cov cib fim vim cov khoom siv qis. Thiab PV module nqi tau poob sai dua li qhov xav tau thaum ntxov 2023, vim tias cov khoom siv polysilicon muaj ntau dua. 


Thaum lub sijhawm no Raws li cov ntaub ntawv, hauv kev hloov pauv tom qab COVID-19 kev lag luam toj roob hauv pes, thoob ntiaj teb kev ua lag luam rau Hnub Ci Vaj Huam Sib Luag kwv yees ntawm US $ 50.1 Billion hauv xyoo 2022, yog kwv yees kom ncav cuag qhov hloov kho loj ntawm US $ 98.5 nphom los ntawm 2030, loj hlob ntawm CAGR ntawm 8.8% dhau lub sijhawm tshuaj ntsuam 2022-2030. Poly-Crystalline Solar Vaj Huam Sib Luag, ib qho ntawm cov ntu tau txheeb xyuas hauv daim ntawv tshaj tawm, tau npaj los sau 8.2% CAGR thiab ncav cuag US $ 48.2 billion los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub sijhawm tshuaj ntsuam. Nyob rau hauv tus account lub Tsis tu ncua tom qab kis thoob qhov txhia chaw, kev loj hlob hauv Thin-Film Solar Panel ntu yog tau hloov kho rau 8.9% CAGR rau lub sijhawm 8 xyoo tom ntej.




6. Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Lag Luam ntawm Hnub Ci Vaj Huam Sib Luag

Muab hais tias hnub ci tam sim no yog qhov thib ob tshaj plaws siv lub zog huv thev naus laus zis thoob plaws ntiaj teb los ntawm kev teeb tsa muaj peev xwm, hnub ci PV xav tias yuav yog ib qho ntawm cov nqi pheej yig tshaj plaws ntawm lub zog muaj nyob rau xyoo 2050, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam uas muaj hnub ci hluav taws xob zoo heev, thiab cov qauv yog tsav los ntawm ob peb yam.


l Yam khoom tsom xam

Polycrystalline hnub ci vaj huam sib luag yog ua lag luam nrog ntau tshaj 48% ntawm tus nqi ua lag luam qhia tawm thiab nws tau cia siab tias yuav ntes cov lag luam ntau dua hauv lub sij hawm kwv yees, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau ntu. Tab sis kev nce qib hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab nyias hnub ci PV modules tseem yuav tsav lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag kev lag luam loj hlob nyob rau lub sijhawm tom ntej ob peb xyoos. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov nce hauv kev xa tawm ntawm microgrids thiab kev loj hlob ntawm xoom-zog vaj tse yuav ua rau muaj kev xav tau loj hauv kev ua lag luam.


l End-User Analysis

Los ntawm cov neeg siv kawg, kev ua lag luam yog segmented rau hauv vaj tse, kev lag luam, industrial thiab lwm yam ntu. Kev lag luam ntu yog coj ua lag luam nrog ntau dua 33% ntawm tus nqi lag luam feem ntau vim lawv xav tau qhov tseem ceeb tus nqi ntawm lub zog los xyuas kom meej lawv lub sij hawm ntev sustainability thiab functionality.It ca kuj pab txo kev cia siab ntawm daim phiaj hluav taws xob thaum ua haujlwm qis nqi thiab txo cov pa roj carbon hneev taw. Tab sis txij li feem ntau ntawm tsoom fwv thoob ntiaj teb tau enacted net metering txoj cai nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb nyiaj pab rau kev teeb tsa lub hnub ci hauv thaj chaw teeb tsa. Cov hlwb no yog yooj yim siv nyob rau hauv cov ntu ntu vim lawv cov nqi pheej yig dua piv rau rau mono-crystalline solar cells.


l Kev soj ntsuam hauv cheeb tsam

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv, thaj av Asia-pacific yog dominating hauv kev lag luam tus nqi qhia. Txij li Asia-Pacific yog thaj av loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tus lej cov neeg nyob. Lub cheeb tsam kuj yog lub tsev rau Tuam Tshoj, uas muaj qhov tseem ceeb tsim muaj peev xwm rau polycrystalline solar cells uas ua tiav qhov kev thov ntawm cheeb tsam. Thiab Is Nrias teb tseem npaj yuav teeb tsa lub hnub ci tsim hluav taws xob hauv qab tsoom fwv ntau lawm.




7. Tej yam uas yuav tsum tau xav txog rau cov vaj huam sib luag zoo hnub ci

Thaum muas lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag, tsis tsuas yog tus nqi thiab qhov zoo yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab, Lwm yam tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau khaws cia hauv siab.


Kub: Monocrystalline thiab polycrystalline panels muaj kev ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws ntawm 59 ° F thiab 95 ° F. Cov cheeb tsam uas kub siab thaum lub caij ntuj sov uas tej zaum yuav ua rau lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag kom ncav cuag qhov kub thiab txias ntawm ntau tshaj 100 ° F tuaj yeem pom txo cov qib efficiency. Thaum xaiv ib tug inverter, nws yog tsim nyog los xav txog qhov xwm txheej.


Light-Induced Degradation (LID): LID yog hais txog qhov kev ntsuas ntawm kev ua haujlwm poob uas tshwm sim nrog crystalline panels thaum thawj ob peb teev ntawm hnub ci nphav. Feem ntau LID nyhav li ntawm 1% mus rau 3% hauv kev ua haujlwm poob. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau saib xyuas thaum xaiv cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag.


Kev ntsuas hluav taws kub: International Building Codes xav tau lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag kom phim lawv lub ru tsev qhov hluav taws kub ntsuas los xyuas kom meej tias cov panels tsis ua kom qhov kev sib kis ntawm nplaim taws. Feem ntau muaj peb hom Class. Class A muab ntau tshaj kev tiv thaiv hauv hluav taws, vim cov nplaim taws tsis tuaj yeem kis tau ntau tshaj li rau taw. Chav B xyuas kom cov nplaim taws tsis pub dhau yim taw, thiab Chav C ua kom cov nplaim taws ua tsis kis tshaj 13 feet.


Huab Cua Huab Cua: Piv txwv li, Crystalline panels zoo dua rau thaj chaw uas tej zaum yuav muaj lawg hnyav li lawv tuaj yeem tiv taus lawg ntaus ntawm qhov nrawm mus 50 mph. Thaum muab lawv cov qauv tsim, hin-film solar panels tsis zoo tagnrho rau lawg. Lub hnub ci system uas siv fasteners, los ntawm-bolting modules, los yog a peb-thav duab rail system yog qhov zoo dua rau cov tsev uas yuav muaj kev paub txog cua daj cua dub los yog cua daj cua dub.


Efficiency: Lub efficiency ntawm lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag yog hais txog lub hnub ci npaum li cas nws tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv hluav taws xob. Lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag ua haujlwm siab yuav tsim ntau duahluav taws xob los ntawm tib lub hnub ci dua li lub vaj huam sib luag qis dua.


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