Rashin wutar lantarki masana&39;antar baturi lithium: sake yin amfani da baturi

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Haɓaka sabbin motocin makamashi ya haifar da babban ci gaban masana&39;antar batir lithium-ion mai ƙarfi, kuma abin da aka fitar ya karu sau da yawa tsakanin 2014 da 2015. A shekarar 2015, jarin masana&39;antar batir ya kai yuan biliyan 1. Batura da yawa, shekaru 5, 6, sun shiga babban lokacin kawarwa, wa ke sake amfani da su? Ina masana&39;antar sake yin amfani da su? Abin takaici, waɗannan matsalolin biyu ba su da amsoshi a yanzu.

A cikin shekarar da ta gabata, an sami rikodin ƙasarmu tare da abokan gaba na duniya: sabon samar da makamashin mota da tallace-tallace. A shekarar 2015, sabbin motocin makamashi na kasata sun kai 340,500, kuma abin da ake samarwa a duniya ya wuce motoci 500,000. Adadin tallace-tallace ya kai miliyan 3,311, wanda kerar motocin lantarki masu tsafta da siyar da su ya kai 254,600, da 247,500 (sauran an saka su).

Sabuwar kasuwar motocin makamashi ta wuce 1%, ko daidai da kowane ma&39;auni, matakin noman kasuwa na sabon zafin abin hawa na makamashi yana gab da zama tarihi, shiga babban matakin shahara. Shekara guda na samarwa da tallace-tallace ya wuce ƙimar duk shekaru, babu shakka cewa fashewar fure yana tashi. Sabuwar motar makamashi (a gaskiya, motar lantarki ta fi girma) an kafa sarkar masana&39;antu cikin sauri, kuma samar da batir lithium-ion mai ƙarfi ya shiga wani lokaci kololuwar da ba a taɓa gani ba.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa, motocin kasuwanci sun samar da 102,500, daga ciki 6-8 na motar Zhongba ta mamaye da kashi 80% na motocin kasuwanci. Ƙarshen ya dogara da abin da ya faru na "buƙatar buƙatun" a cikin biyan kuɗi na tsakiya da kuma tallafin kuɗi na gida. Ko da yake cikakken adadin motocin kasuwanci ya fi na fasinja ƙarami, ana zubo adadin batir ɗin da aka yi amfani da su: motocin kasuwanci suna amfani da batirin lithium-ion mai ƙarfi 70%.

Hanyar fasaha ta sake yin amfani da baturi ba ta girma ba, kuma ba a yarda da baturin lithium-ion ba. Koyaya, bayan shekaru 5 ko 6, ƙarfin ajiyar makamashi na batirin lithium-ion mai ƙarfi zai ragu zuwa kusan 80%, yana shafar rayuwa da ƙwarewar mai amfani, wannan shine lokacin da za a maye gurbinsa. Cikakkar rayuwar batirin lithium-ion mai ƙarfi na iya zama fiye da shekaru 20, ya fi tsawon rayuwar birni.

Gabaɗaya ana ƙididdige rayuwar rayuwarta daidai da adadin caji da fitarwa, kuma tabbataccen baturi da rashin kyau na baturi ya bambanta sosai, kuma akwai babban bambanci wajen caji da fitarwa. Baturin lithium-ion mai ƙarfi ya ɗanɗana batir ɗin gubar-acid, baturan nickel-hydrogen, batir lithium ion baturi da batir lithium mai ƙarfin man fetur (batun kusan fasahar Toyota ce ta musamman). Baturin gubar-acid yana da ƙarancin farashi, ingantaccen aiki, fasahar jiyya da aka dawo dasu, amma abubuwa kamar makamashi da sake zagayowar sun shafe su, mahimmancin baturin gubar-acid ga ƙananan motocin gajerun nesa ko ƙananan motocin lantarki masu gauraye.

Ko da kuna amfani da ƙasa akai-akai (ba fiye da kilomita 30 a kowace rana ba), rayuwar batirin gubar-acid kusan shekaru 2 ne kawai. Bugu da ƙari, zai haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi a cikin samarwa da tsarin farfadowa, kuma an cire batir-acid-acid daga babban jeri na baturin lithium-ion. Toyota, Ford da Janar suna ciyar da batirin nickel-hydrogen ƙarfi da ƙarfi.

Motar RMger ta Ford mai tsaftar wutar lantarki da motar Toyota Priith hybrid duk suna amfani da batirin nickel hydrodynamic lithium-ion baturi, amma baturin ba shi da ƙarfi kuma ajiyar hydrogen yana da wahala, gabaɗaya ana amfani da su ga motocin haɗaɗɗiya, azaman ƙarfin taimako, da wahalar amfani da motar lantarki mai tsabta. Tun daga 2006, babban layin da gaske shine mafi girman ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin lithium-ion baturan lithium-ion. Lithium iron phosphate ion baturi kamar BYD karfi.

Yana da kyau a lura cewa BYD baya samar da hanyoyin fasaha don dawo da baturi. Dangane da batirin lithium mai amfani da man fetur, Toyota ya riga yana da hanyar sake amfani da shi, amma babu wani tallace-tallace a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci a ƙasata. Don haka, muhimman batutuwan da muke fuskanta har yanzu sune sake yin amfani da batir lithium-ion masu ƙarfi.

Ko da kawai ana la&39;akari da baturin lithium-ion, akwai kuma nau&39;in tantanin halitta da yawa, wanda ke haifar da sake amfani da hanyoyin fasaha masu rikitarwa. Dole ne a fara aiwatar da baturi, gami da fitarwa, rarrabuwa, juzu&39;a, rarrabuwa. Ana iya dawo da gidaje na filastik da ƙarfe bayan an lalata su, amma farashin yana da yawa: saboda ragowar ƙarfin lantarki har yanzu yana da ɗaruruwan volts (ban da batir 18650), akwai haɗari; gidan baturi don a amince da shi, kunshin yana cikin nau&39;i na rashin cirewa.

Buɗe ƙafafu sosai. Dangane da hanyar haɗin kai kafin magani, tabbas siyarwa ce mai dacewa. Ko da batirin lithium ion baturi, tabbataccen abu kuma shine fure-fure biyar, babban al&39;ada shine lithium cobaltate, lithium manganese acid, lithium nickel-cobalt-oxanate, lithium iron phosphate, da sauransu.

Yin amfani da maganin maganin acid-base, sa&39;an nan kuma an fitar da karfe oxide tare da hanyoyi daban-daban na sinadarai. Duk da haka, abubuwan da ke cikin waɗannan oxides sun bambanta, kuma cakuda ya fi wuya. A gaba, bisa ga ingantaccen kayan lantarki, farashin ba shi da ƙasa.

Sake amfani da ingantaccen ƙarfe, wanda ya riga ya kasance mafi riba ɗaya daga cikin layin dawo da baturi. Amma shirin yana da rikitarwa, kuma kamfanin zai yi aiki, sai dai idan farashin karfe ya yi yawa a 2011. Yanzu kayayyaki da kuma wadanda ba ferrous karafa, rare duniya kayayyakin ne a cikin low kwaruruka, ta yin amfani da wadannan hanyoyin don dawo da karfe ne quite sanyin gwiwa, kuma mafi troublesome matsaloli ne mafi m.

Dangane da matakin fasaha na yanzu, ana kula da ruwa mai sharar gida ɗaya, ya isa ya ci ƙarancin kuɗin shigar ƙarfe da aka sake sarrafa. Mummunan abu shine graphite (batir siliki shine ma&39;aunin dakin gwaje-gwaje kawai), wanda yayi arha sosai, kawai a zubar da magani da aka binne. Abin farin ciki, graphite kanta ba ya gurɓata muhalli, kawai sararin samaniya ya mamaye.

A ƙarƙashin yanayin fasaha na yanzu, babu wani kamfani da zai ɗauki matakin saka hannun jari a masana&39;antar sake yin amfani da su. Sa&39;an nan akwai kawai hanyar da za a magance wannan hanya. Amma ga graphene mai matukar bege, super capacitance da sauran hanyoyin batir, babban fa&39;idarsa shine cewa babu buƙatar murmurewa (babu albarkatun da yakamata murmurewa), watsi ba ya gurɓata.

Amma wahalar fasaha na iya har yanzu tilasta mana yin amfani da hanyoyin fasaha da ake da su. Manufofin ba duk makamashi ba ne daga 2014, kuma samar da batir lithium-ion mai ƙarfi zai kai gwargwadon abin da yake a takaice. Wannan a fili ya samo asali ne daga amfani da manufofi da kasuwanni.

Har yanzu masana&39;antar sake yin amfani da su na cikin rudani da za a iya tarwatsawa. A hakikanin gaskiya, ko da hukumomin masana’antu (Ma’aikatar Raya Kasa, Ma’aikatar Raya Kasa, Ma’aikatar Masana’antu da Fasahar Watsa Labarai, mene ne babban kamfanin sake sarrafa batirin lithium-ion mai sikeli daya, yaya karfin sake yin amfani da shi yake?. Dalilin wannan halin da ake ciki, ta halitta a cikin hanyoyin fasaha na yanzu, babu wani ikon haifar da ribar sake yin amfani da su.

A wasu kalmomi, sabon ƙima da aka ƙirƙira ba zai iya daidaita farashin sake yin amfani da shi ba. Ana yin sana’ar kashe-kashe, kuma sayar da sana’ar ba ta da mutum. A ƙarshen 2020, baturin lithium-ion mai ƙarfi akan sabuwar motar makamashi a farkon siyar da siyar ta farko shine maye gurbin ta.

Bisa la’akari da halin da ake ciki na sayar da sabuwar motar makamashin, batirin sharar da za a yi maganin zai zarce yadda ma’aikatar masana’antu da fasahar watsa labarai ke fata a yanzu, wanda ake sa ran zai kai tan 12-170,000, na iya wuce tan 200,000. Don ingantacciyar hanyar sake amfani da ita, datti shine kawai albarkatun matsayin da ba daidai ba. Amma kamfanin kera motocin lantarki mai hannu biyu da kuma kamfanin samar da batirin lithium-ion mai ƙarfi, waɗannan sharar suna jin tsoro kamar bam akan lokaci.

Idan babu masana&39;antar sake yin amfani da "taswira mai kyau" a cikin shekaru 4, batirin sharar gida zai cika ambaliya kamar igiyar ruwa. Me yasa waɗannan kamfanoni ke fara gaggawar gaggawa? Kwanan nan, Ma’aikatar Masana’antu da Fasahar Watsa Labarai da Sake amfani da Batir Batir na Motoci (wanda ake kira da “Policy”) da farko sun fayyace abin da ke da alhakinsa, dabarun gurbacewar mulki iri daya ne: Wane ne ke da alhakin, wane ne ke da alhakin, wane ne ya gurbace wa? Mulki. Ka&39;idar wasan ta nuna cewa aƙalla a wannan mataki, tun daga matakin gwamnati, ba a sake yin kasuwanci da za a iya tsarawa ba, amma dole ne a ƙayyade matsalar alhakin.

"Manufa" tana ba da ƙa&39;idodi akan tarawa, rarrabuwa, ajiya, sufuri, amfani da mataki, sabuntawa, kulawa da sarrafa batir lithium-ion mai ƙarfi na sharar gida. Yana kama da cikakke, gaskiyar cewa abu ɗaya kawai: batun alhakin da kuma hanyar mahimmanci, wato, an kafa tsarin ganowa. Masu kera motocin batir da lantarki za su ga batir ɗin sharar gida iri ɗaya da tushen ruwa iri ɗaya.

Kamar an sayar da su a yau - ba shakka, ba iri ɗaya ba ne, wato, za su zama salati mai zafi. Koyaya, ba za a iya kafa kasuwa ta hanyar umarnin gudanarwa da hanyoyin hukunci ba. Rashi a cikin "manufofin" yana da mahimmanci ga kamfani: yadda ake samu.

Kwarewar da ta dace na kamfanonin Jafananci yana samuwa har zuwa yau, Japan ba ta da ƙa&39;idodi na musamman don baturin lithium-ion mai ƙarfi. Duk da haka, dokokin kare muhalli na Jafananci ("Yin Amfani mai Amfani". Dokar kanta ba za ta iya magance matsalolin fasaha ba.

Kamfanin na Japan ya fara ne a cikin sabon yankin abin hawa makamashi fiye da yadda muka kasance a farkon shekaru 10, an haifi Toyota&39;s Prius a 1997. A cewar Jafanawa, yana da matukar muhimmanci ga dawo da datti (yawan kula da sharar gida na 100%), kuma yakamata Japan ta kafa sarkar masana&39;antar sake amfani da batirin lithium-ion a cikin shekaru 5 a lokacin haihuwar sabuwar motar makamashi, amma a zahiri ba. Ko da akwai Toyota, maido da batirin nickel-hydrogen (batir lithium-ion mai amfani da wutar lantarki don haɗa motocin), wanda yake cikin mawuyacin hali mara riba.

Wannan ya kasance har zuwa 2011, dalilin da aka tanadar da baturin nickel-hydrogen a cikin 2011. Haɗin kai a cikin gida, Toyota da Ƙarfe na Summit, tare da fasahar haɓaka mai tsafta ta ƙarshen duniya, Toyota ya gane yawan amfani da nickel a cikin baturin lithium-ion mai ƙarfin abin hawa, wanda zai iya dawo da 50% nickel a cikin fakitin baturi; A sa&39;i daya kuma, Toyota Chemical Engineering da Sumitom Metal Minne suna sanye da wani layin samar da kayayyaki na musamman wanda za&39;a iya amfani da shi a cikin adadin batura masu hade da juna 10,000. A cikin 2012, Honda ya haɗu tare da kamfanonin masana&39;antun masana&39;antu na Japan.

Koyaya, ayyukan sake amfani da Honda na iya dawo da sama da kashi 80% na karafa na duniya da ba kasafai ake yin su ba don yin sabbin batir NiMH. Bayan &39;yan shekarun da suka gabata, nickel da aka gano a cikin batirin abin hawa matasan za a iya amfani da shi kawai don samar da bakin karfe. Tare da haɓaka ingantaccen haɓakar nickel da fasahar rabuwa, yanzu ana iya amfani da nickel da aka dawo dasu don samar da sabbin batura.

Toyota ya haɓaka fasahar sake amfani da nickel zuwa masana&39;anta na ketare. Maimaita baturi yana da alhakin. Duk da haka, kamfanonin Japan kuma sun dogara da sake yin amfani da karfe (ciki har da abubuwan da ba kasafai ba na kasa da kasa don Japan), a matsayin karfi na sake amfani da masana&39;antar.

A cikin Turai, Toyota yana nuna hali mai aiki sosai, wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙa&39;idodin muhalli masu buƙata na Turai. Kamfanin Toyota ya sanar a bara cewa an samu kashi 100 na batirin mota da aka cakude, tare da dawo da kashi 91%. Toyota ya kuma tsawaita SNAM (Faransa), haɗin gwiwar UMICORE Group (Belgium), kuma an kwato na ƙarshe daga na ƙarshe.

Kuma Toyota (ciki har da Lexus) ya sayar da hadaddiyar motoci 850,000 a Turai, wanda aka sayar a Turai. A lokaci guda, don tsawaita rayuwar batirin lithium-ion mai ƙarfi, ana hana iyakar samar da kololuwar sarrafawa. Toyota kuma yana haɓaka tsanin baturin lithium-ion mai ƙarfi.

A bara, Toyota za ta yi amfani da Batirin Waste na Camry Mixed Power Cars don Bankin Huangshi National Park. Nissan kuma yana haɗin gwiwa tare da Sumitomo don haɓaka tsarin batir ta amfani da jin abin hawa na lantarki, azaman tsarin ajiyar makamashi na biyu don hasken rana, don samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kanta a cikin dare kuma haske bai isa ba. Kasuwancin Sumitomo da haɗin gwiwar Nissan sun kafa kamfanin 4Renergy, tare da sake yin amfani da motar lantarki ta EV batir lithium-ion sharar gida, kamfaninsa ya kafa shekaru biyar, ya zama kamfani mai cin nasara na sake amfani da batirin lithium-ion.

Kwarewar da ta dace game da kafa sarkar masana&39;antar sake yin amfani da su a duniya ya nuna cewa ko da an sanar da manufar, duk da cewa al&39;umma gaba daya suna sane da cewa masana&39;antar sake yin amfani da batir ta kusa, a cikin 2020, mun sami nasarar yin hakan kuma karamin lamari ne mai yiwuwa. Sai dai idan za mu iya gabatar da kamfanonin Jafananci (idan har ɗayan yana son rabawa). .