Ibhetri yeLithium: Uqhuba njani ikamva

著者：Iflowpower – Portable Power Station Supplier

Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, izithuthi zombane ziya kufumana uphuhliso olukhulu. Ngokutsho kwe-IEA forecast, ngo-2030, isiqinisekiso semoto yombane yehlabathi siya kunyuka ukusuka kwi-3.7 yezigidi kwi-2017 ukuya kwi-130 yezigidi, kwaye umthamo wokuthengisa wonyaka uya kufikelela kwi-2.

1.5 yezigidi. Kule meko, umthamo omtsha webhetri wonyaka uya kunyuka ukusuka kwi-68 GW W11 kwi-2017 ukuya kwi-775 GW, apho i-84% iya kusetyenziswa kwiimoto ezilula.

ilizwe lam, EU, India, US Demand akhawunti 50%, 18%, 12%, kunye 7% ngokulandelelana. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo, kunye nobukhulu bomlinganiselo wemveliso, iteknoloji ye-lithium-ion yebhetri yemoto yombane ehamba phambili iphuculwe kakhulu, ixabiso liye lawa ngokukhawuleza, ukwenzela ukuba ukusebenza kweendleko zeenqwelo zombane ziqale ngemoto yamafutha. Izinto eziphambili zokuQhuba Ukususela kwi-1990, ibhetri ye-lithium-ion isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwi-electronics yabathengi, ukugcinwa kwamandla (indlu, izinto eziluncedo), kunye noshishino lweemoto zombane.

Ngobukhulu bomlinganiselo wemveliso, ukusebenza kwayo kuphuculwe kakhulu, ixabiso liyancipha kakhulu. Ikamva. Izinto zekhemikhali.

Ukusebenza kwebhetri kuchatshazelwa yimathiriyeli ye-polarization. Izinto zeCathode ezibalulekileyo ziquka i-lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC), i-lithium nickel-cobalt i-aluminium oxide (NCA), i-lithium manganese oxide (LMO) kunye ne-lithium iron phosphate (LFP); ubuninzi bezinto ze-anode zisebenzisa igraphite, iimoto ezinzima Ubomi obujikelezayo, i-lithium titanate (LTO). Inzuzo ebalulekileyo ye-NMC kunye ne-NCA ubuchwepheshe bubuninzi bamandla obuphezulu, bulawula imarike yebhetri ekhanyayo; ubuninzi bamandla e-LFP buphantsi, kodwa buzuze kubomi bomjikelezo ophezulu kunye nokusebenza kokhuseleko, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubaluleka kwezithuthi zombane ezinzima (oko kukuthi iimoto zabahambi) Izinto zekhemikhali.

Izinto zekhemikhali zinempembelelo enkulu kwiindleko zebhetri, zisebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali, kwaye i-gap yabo yexabiso inokufikelela kwi-20%. Umthamo webhetri kunye nobukhulu. Umthamo webhetri yemoto yombane yahluke kakhulu, umthamo webhetri weenqwelo zombane ezintathu ezincinci kwilizwe lam yi-18.

3 ~ 23 kWh; IYurophu kunye noMntla Melika umthamo webhetri yemoto ephakathi ngama-23 ~ 60 kWh; iimoto ezinkulu umthamo webhetri kwi 75 ~ 100 kWh. Ukuba mkhulu umthamo webhetri, kokukhona ixabiso lisezantsi. Kuqikelelwa ukuba iyunithi yebhetri yentsimbi engama-70 kW ixabisa i-25% ngaphantsi kwe-30 kW.

Isikali somatshini. Zhang Da processing isikali ukuqonda uqoqosho isikali yenye into ebalulekileyo. Okwangoku, uluhlu lwemveliso oluqhelekileyo lumalunga ne-0.

I-5 ~ 8 JW / ngonyaka, uninzi lwemveliso malunga ne-3 GW / ngonyaka. Ngokomthamo oqhelekileyo we-20 ~ 75 kWh, isithuthi sombane esisodwa sibalwa, kwaye imveliso yesityalo esisodwa ilingana ne-machining 6000-400,000 iipakethi zebhetri ngonyaka. Okwangoku, iJamani, iUnited States, ilizwe lam, iIndiya kunye nezinye iindawo zisanda kwakhiwa ibhetshi yeefektri ezinkulu zebhetri, kubandakanya i-Super Factory xa unyaka weTesla ufikelela kwi-35 GW.

Isantya sokutshaja. Itekhnoloji yangoku ingabiza i-80% kwimizuzu engama-40 ukuya kwengama-60. Esi sibheno songeze ubunzima boyilo lwebhetri, njengokunciphisa ubukhulu be-electrode, eya kongeza iindleko zebhetri; ukunciphisa ukuxinana kwamandla ebhetri, ngokwenza njalo bufutshane ubomi bebhetri.

Ingxelo yokubola yeSebe lezaMandla lase-US itshintshe uyilo lwebhetri ukuze ikwazi ukuthwala i-400 kilowatts yokutshaja iyakwandisa ixabiso lebhetri. Eyona nto iphambili yokuguqulwa kwezinto iya kusekelwa ekubolisweni kwe-IEA, kwaye ibhetri ye-lithium-ion isaya kulawula kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini, kodwa izinto zayo zeekhemikhali ziya kutshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe. Ngaphambi kwe-2025, isizukulwana esitsha seebhetri ze-lithium ion ezine-cobalt ephantsi, amandla aphezulu kunye ne-cathode lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) 811, njl.

iya kungena kwimveliso yobuninzi. Kwi-graphite anode, inani elincinci le-silicon liyongezwa, kwaye ukuxinwa kwamandla kunokunyuswa ngama-50%, ngelixa ityuwa ye-electrolyte enokumelana nombane ophezulu iya kunceda ukuphucula ukusebenza. Ngexesha le-2025 ukuya ku-2030, isinyithi se-lithium yi-cathode, i-graphite / i-silicon edibeneyo ye-anode, ibhetri ye-lithium ion, inokungena kwisigaba soyilo, kwaye inokwazisa i-electrolyte eqinile ukuqhubela phambili ukuphucula ubuninzi bamandla kunye nokhuseleko lwebhetri.

Ukongeza, iteknoloji ye-lithium ion inokutshintshwa ngamanye amandla oxinaniso kunye neendleko eziphantsi zethiyori kunye ne-lithium air, i-lithium sulphur, njl. Nangona kunjalo, inqanaba lophuhliso lobu buchwepheshe lisephantsi kakhulu, kwaye eyona ntsebenzo isaphandwa. Inqaku elipapashwe kwi-Nature Journal kaJulayi 26, i-2018, inqaku elinesihloko esithi "TenyearsleftToredesignlithium-Ionbatteries" libonise ukuba ukuguquka kwebhetri ye-lithium-ion kunye nexabiso libekwe kancinci.

Kubalulekile ukuba ezi ngxaki zingasentla ziquka: kwi-crystal structure yezinto ze-electrode, inani lentlawulo elinokuthi ligcinwe liya kuba lisondele kubuninzi beethiyori; ubungakanani bemarike kunzima ukuqhubeka ukuzisa ukucutha ixabiso elikhulu. Okubi nakakhulu, izinto ze-electrode, ezifana ne-cobalt kunye ne-nickel, zinqabile kakhulu, kwaye ukuba akukho tshintsho olutsha, kulindeleke ukuba lube ngo-2030 ~ 2037 (okanye ngaphambili), imfuno ye-cobalt kunye ne-nickel Ukugqithisa isivuno. Kwelinye icala, izinto ezintsha ezizezinye ze-electrode, njengentsimbi, ubhedu, ubhedu, zisekwinqanaba lokuqala lophando.

Eli nqaku lifuna izazinzulu zezixhobo, iinjineli kunye neearhente zenkxaso-mali ukunyusa uphando malunga nezinto ze-electrode ezisekwe kwintsimbi, ubhedu kunye nezinye izinto ezinje ngoovimba. Ngaphandle koko, uphuhliso olukhulu lwezithuthi zombane luya kuthintelwa. Izinto ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela iindleko zezithuthi zombane kunye nezithuthi zamafutha zibandakanya: ixabiso lebhetri, ubungakanani bomzimba (okunefuthe kuqoqosho lwamafutha kunye nobukhulu bebhetri yesithuthi sombane), amaxabiso epetroli kunye neekhilomitha zonyaka nonyaka.

Ngokwexabiso lebhetri, kukho ibhetri eyi-7.5 ukuya kwi-80 kWh / ngonyaka, amandla ebhetri yi-70 ~ 80 kWh, kunye neendleko zebhetri ye-70-80 kWh, kunye neendleko ze-2030 zingancitshiswa zibe yi-100 ~ 122 US dollar / kWh, kunye ne-EU (i-16 $ kW) kunye ne-EU (i-$ 16 kW) kunye ne-EU (i-$ 16 kW). iindleko Japan ($ 92 / kW) isondele kakhulu. Umsantsa phakathi kweendleko zezithuthi zombane kunye noololiwe bamafutha uya kuncipha ngokuthe ngcembe, kodwa ixabiso lebhetri kunye nepetroli lidlula ubungakanani bomzimba womzimba.

Ngokomzekelo, ixabiso lebhetri lilingana ne-$ 400 / kWh, iimoto zombane zikhuphisana kakhulu, kwaye izithuthi zepetroli ziya kuba nezoqoqosho. Ukuba ixabiso leebhetri zemoto zombane liphantsi, i-petroli inexabiso eliphezulu, xa i-mileage iphezulu, khetha imoto encinci yombane okanye i-plug-in hybrid car kunemoto encinci ye-fuel eyongayo. Ngokomzekelo, ixabiso lebhetri li-$ 120 / kWh, ixabiso lepetroli liphezulu kunanamhlanje, ke imoto yombane ecocekileyo iya kuba yinto ekhethiweyo yoqoqosho kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-mileage yexesha elide.

Ukuba ixabiso lebhetri lilingana ne-$ 260 / kWh, i-mileage ingaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-35,000 / ngonyaka, ixabiso leoli lifikelela kwi-$ 1.5 / ilitha, lukhetho lwezoqoqosho. Kwiibhasi ezinkulu zombane, ukuba ixabiso lebhetri lingaphantsi kwe-260 yeedola zase-US / kWh, iibhasi zombane kwi-4 ukuya kwi-50,000 yeekhilomitha / ngonyaka zixabisa ukukhuphisana kwiindawo ezineenkqubo zerhafu eziphezulu ze-diesel.