Kutheni i-lithium-ion ibhetri yemoto yombane iqhuma, ngaba iteknoloji iyayithintela?

Umbhali : Iflowpower - UMboneleli weSikhululo saMandla esiphathwayo

Singena kwixesha elitsha lokuguqulwa kwamandla, kodwa xa siqhubeka sijonge ikamva elihle lamandla ombane, akuyi kuba nexhala, ngaba ibhetri ye-lithium-ion ikhuselekile? Iingozi eziqhushumbayo ezibangelwa ziibhetri zeemoto zombane: Kutheni iXinhua.com iziva rhoqo kule minyaka yakutsha nje? Nokuba ziimoto zombane okanye izikhululo zamandla okugcina, awunakwahlulwa kwisixhobo esiphambili - ibhetri. Phantse zonke izithuthi zombane kunye ne-70% yezikhululo zamandla okugcina amandla ekhemikhali zizo zonke iibhetri ze-lithium ion, eyona ibhetri esetyenziswa kwiifowuni zethu kunye neelaptops.

Ekubeni ibhetri ye-lithium-ion igqwesa ukuphatheka kwamandla ombane, ukuphuhliswa kwexesha lethu lolwazi kunyuswa. Ke ngoko, kukho izazinzulu ezintathu eziye zanegalelo kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yebhetri ye-lithium-ion kwiMbasa yeNobel Chemical. Ndiyabulela ekuphuhliseni iibhetri ze-lithium-ion, indawo yokusetyenziswa isondele kakhulu, ifowuni yethu, ikhamera kunye ne-Bluetooth headphones kufuneka ibe yiyo, kodwa kutheni isetyenziswe kwiimoto zombane, ibhetri ye-lithium-ion yenzeke iingozi ezininzi? Oku ngenene yingxaki enokwenzeka.

Umzekelo, ibhetri evela kumazwe angaphandle esetyenziswa kwisithuthi sombane esisuka kumazwe angaphandle sisigidi esinye kuphela, kodwa iibhetri ezinjalo ezingama-8,000 kufuneka zifakwe emotweni, nto leyo elingana neebhetri ezili-10,000 zokufaka izithuthi zombane ezili-1250. Oko kukuthi, kwithiyori 1250 izithuthi zombane, kukho ibhetri kwimoto inokuba yingozi. Ukuba le ngozi yeyokutsha kwebhetri okanye inqanaba logqabhuko-dubulo, kunokwenzeka ukuba kubangele ukusabela kwekhonkco apho ibhetri ejikeleze kuyo, ngaloo ndlela kubangele ingozi yokutsha kwesithuthi sombane.

Kukwanjalo ngendawo yokuhlala kwisikhululo samandla okugcina amandla, xa kuthelekiswa nesithuthi sombane esigcina i-50 ukuya kwi-100 degrees, umzimba wesitya sebhetri unokugcina ii-degrees eziyi-1000, kwaye isikhululo samandla esiphakathi esikhulu sokugcina amandla sihlala sinenqwaba yokuqokelelwa kwezixhobo zebhetri zokugcina amandla. Kuyaqondwa ukuba ibhetri enkulu kangaka iyasetyenziswa, ngamanye amaxesha kwenzeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukutshiswa kwezithuthi zombane kunye neendawo zokugcina amandla okugcina amandla, imiphumo yeengozi zokuqhuma ngokucacileyo ziyingozi ngakumbi kuneebhetri zeselula, kwaye amanyathelo akhoyo okukhusela umlilo aphantse angenakwenzeka.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, asikwazi ukungazihoyi ezi ndaba ukuba ezi ndaba zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza, kwaye iziganeko ezinzulu ezibangela izingozi ziye zabangela impembelelo enkulu kwintlalontle. Kutheni ibhetri ye-lithium ion iya kutshisa okanye ide iqhume? Ibhetri ye-lithium-ion yinxalenye equlethe icandelo, elibalulekileyo elibandakanya i-electrode efanelekileyo, i-electrode engalunganga, i-electrolyte kunye ne-diaphragm. Emva kokutshaja, i-positive yayo ngokuqhelekileyo yi-oxide yensimbi yenguqu, enokumelana ne-oxidation enamandla; i-electrode engalunganga ifakwe kwisixa esikhulu se-lithium, esinokunciphisa kakhulu.

I-electrolyte ngokuqhelekileyo i-esters ye-organic, eneempawu zeqondo eliphantsi lokunyibilika kunye nokutsha. Kubalulekile ukuba siqaphele ukuba i-firecrackers ebomini bethu nayo iyisixhobo esiqonda izithako eziqulethe i-gunpowder kwi-sulfur (isulfure, i-chemical formula s) diit (ilitye, uhlobo lwekhemikhali KNO3) amalahle amathathu, apho i-nitrosite i-Agent oxidizing eqinile, i-sulfure kunye nelahle zinciphisa i-agent. Emva kokuba ingaphandle inikwe ngaphezu kwe-120 degrees of stimulation, i-oxidation yokunciphisa ukusabela kwi-firecracker kwenzeka ngokumangalisayo, ikhupha igesi eninzi kunye nobushushu, i-fireproof, i-firecrackers iqhuma.

Ingabonwa ukuba ibhetri yethiyori ye-lithium-ion ine-redox reaction ekhululwe kakhulu, kwaye i-electrolyte yayo yangaphakathi enokutsha nayo inokunceda le ndlela yokusabela, izisa iziphumo zokutsha okanye nokudubula. Makhulu kangakanani amandla ebhetri ye-lithium ion evuthayo okanye eqhumayo? Ukukhanya kokugcina amandla ombane, i-150WH / kg ingxinano yamandla eqhelekileyo ye-lithium ion ibhetri amandla ombane amalunga ne-1/10 yogqabhuko-dubulo lwe-TNT, uxinano lwamandla e-thermal. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphando ngokugqibeleleyo, i-electrode negative positive kwi-lithium-ion ingozi yebhetri inokwenzeka ngokuthe ngqo kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo, okanye nokuba i-aluminium kunye nolwelo loxinaniso lobhedu lunokuthatha inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo kwimpendulo ngendlela yokunciphisa, kwaye ubushushu bobushushu kufuneka bube phezulu kakhulu kunokugcinwa kwebhetri ehambelana namandla.

Ngokubanzi, ingozi yokhuseleko kwindawo evaliweyo, ubushushu obuninzi bunokufikelela kwi-800 ° C, kwaye ibhetri ye-lithium ion ye-43.4G enzima ithatha ukuqhuma kokuqhuma kwe-5.45 gtnt, ukufikelela kwi-TNT elingana ne-1 / 8.

Isizathu sokuba ibhetri ye-lithium ion ingaphenduli kwi-reaction redox enzima kodwa ihlala iguqulwa ibe amandla ombane kwi-electrochemical reaction, kwaye ihlala iguqulelwa kumandla ombane ngenxa yokuba i-diaphragm ihluke ngokufanelekileyo ngokwasemzimbeni kunye ne-Electronic conduction insulation (kunye nobukho be-electrolyte). Nangona kunjalo, xa izizathu ezahlukeneyo zangaphakathi okanye zangaphandle zibangela ukusilela kwe-diaphragm, emva koko kuqhagamshelwe ipali elungileyo nengalunganga, le sekethi imfutshane yangaphakathi iya kuzisa amandla ombane ukuba akhululwe, kukho ubushushu obuninzi kwaye kuzisa ubushushu obuphezulu, umonakalo okhawulezileyo kwinkqubo yekhemikhali yangaphakathi yebhetri, okukhokelela kuzinzo I-electrolyte engalunganga, i-electrolyte entle, i-electrode engalunganga kunye ne-electrode entle, kunye nesiphumo sokunyuka kobushushu, kunye nesiphumo sokunyuka kobushushu. Ukufakwa kwegesi kwangoko kwe-electrolyte, kunye nokubandakanya i-electrode engalunganga esebenzayo umgubo okhupha indlu yebhetri, Zisa iziphumo zokutshisa okanye ukuqhuma, le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba bubushushu obungalawulekiyo (ekubhekiselwa kuyo njenge-TR). Ngokwezibalo zeziganeko zengozi yemoto yombane kwiminyaka yamuva nje, iingozi ezininzi "zizitshisa", kuquka ukuma (ukukhutshwa kwebhetri-free), ngelixa uqhuba (ukukhutshwa kwebhetri) kunye nokutshaja.

Inxalenye encinci yingozi eyenzeka xa umthombo wobushushu wangaphandle, ukungqubana, kunye nokusilela kolawulo lwesekethe. "Ukutsha okuzenzekelayo" kungokulahleka kobushushu obuzenzekelayo, oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-thermal ngaphandle kolawulo lokuxhatshazwa kwe-thermal, ukusetyenziswa kakubi komatshini, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kombane). Nangona ezi ntlobo zimbini zeemeko ekugqibeleni ziziswa bubushushu bokugqibela, ukutsha kunye nezinye iindlela ziyafana, kukho umahluko omkhulu kubunzima bokusungula uphando.

Okwangoku, i-thermal ngaphandle kolawulo phantsi kokuxhatshazwa ilawulwa yimiqathango yokuvuselela. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, yenze inkqubela phambili enkulu, ekwaziyo ukuchaza ngokobuninzi iindlela zokusetyenziswa kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokuxhatshazwa kunye neendlela kunye nobungozi obulandelayo. Noko ke, ngokuzenzekela thermal ngaphandle kolawulo, ngenxa yokungaqondwa yayo entsonkothileyo, ibhetri emva thermal out-of-control yonakele ngokupheleleyo, kunzima ukubuyisela imeko micro phambi ilahleko ubushushu, ibe uphando nzima.

Kutheni kunzima ukuqikelela i-thermal ye-lithium-ion yebhetri ngaphandle kolawulo? I-Thermal ezenzekelayo ngaphandle kolawulo yeyona moto yombane yangoku eyona nkxalabo enkulu yokhuseleko. Kutheni kunzima ukuthintela? Oku kufuneka kutshiwo ekwenziweni kweebhetri. Ukuba ibhetri nganye ihambelana ngokupheleleyo kwi-micro electrode material particles, i-diaphragm kwi-plate macroscopic, iphakheji yezindlu yi-100.

I-000000,000%, ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuba neebhetri ezenziwe ngamawaka okanye amakhulu amawaka eebhetri ezinjalo. Iimpawu zokhuseleko ezingcono. Ungaqaphela ukuba amakhulu eepesenti athetha apha ahluke kancinane, kukho ooziro abalishumi ngasemva, abamele okulindelekileyo okulindelweyo - isikali esipheleleyo sebhetri phezulu.

Njengoko kwaziwa kakuhle, umphumo wokungahambelani kwebhetri kukuba ibhetri ephantsi yokusebenza iya kubola ngokukhawuleza, enye i-passivation ivaliwe, ayisebenzi ngokuthe ngqo; kukwakho nendlela eyahlukileyo ngokwenxalenye - iisekethe ezimfutshane zangaphakathi kunye nobushushu obungalawulekiyo, ukutshisa, ukuqhuma. Ngaba kukho nayiphi na isekethe yexesha elifutshane yexesha elifutshane kulo monakalo? Isizathu kukuba oku kubola kucotha kakhulu kwaye umqondiso wamandla ombane wangaphandle awubonakali. Okwesibini kukuba ibhetri ingena ngokuthe ngqo kwi-thermal etshabalalisayo ngaphandle kokulawula kwimizuzu embalwa, ibhetri iphelile, ubungqina abukwazi ukulandelwa, okwenza le ntsimi iqhube phambili uphando.

Ngokwenene ngokuchanekileyo ukulinganisa iisekethe ezimfutshane zexesha elifutshane, kuseyingxaki. Ukongezelela, ibhetri ifana nebhokisi elimnyama, nangona sinokusebenzisa ezinye ii-spectrometers ze-electrochemical kunye ne-situ CT iindlela zobugcisa ukujonga utshintsho lwebhetri nganye kunye ne-microstructure yangaphakathi, kodwa asikwazi ukuqikelela ukuba yeyiphi ishumi lezigidi zeebhetri Kuya kufundwa ngokucokisekileyo "ngokufa ngokukhawuleza" kwiinyanga eziliqela okanye emva kweminyaka emininzi. Ibhetri nganye phantse akukho umngcipheko self-inventive, kodwa yintoni na "ukufa ngequbuliso" emva kwesiqingatha sonyaka okanye iminyaka emithathu kamva okanye ebusika Chen, ebangela ingozi enkulu evuthayo? Kunzima ukuqikelela ngoku.

Ngaba oku kufana nomzimba wethu? Iiparamitha zemathiriyeli yebhetri kunye neenkqubo zokuvelisa Ngokufana nofuzo lwethu, intlawulo yebhetri kunye nenkqubo yokukhupha ifana neendlela zethu zokutya, ukusetyenziswa kwebhetri ubushushu obuthile butshintsha njengendawo yokukhula. Ngokukhula, kusoloko kukho umzimba womntu, kuya kubakho ukudumba kwexesha elide okanye izilonda ezinzulu zemithambo, ngaloo ndlela uphuhliso olunokwenzeka lube ngumhlaza okanye lubangele istroke ngexesha elifutshane, elifana nebhetri emfutshane kunye ne-thermostat elandelayo. Ukuba sinakho ukwenza uhlolo lwexesha lokwenyani kwimpilo yomntu ngamnye kwi-24h emhlabeni, sinokufumanisa ukungaqhelekanga kwaye silahle umhlaza kunye ne-stroke, kodwa oku akuyonyani.

Ngokufanayo, sikwanzima ukuthwala olona vavanyo lwexesha lokwenyani lwebhetri nganye, ngoku siyakwazi ukudibanisa imodyuli eyenza iibhetri ezininzi zibeke iliso kumbane kunye nobushushu bubonke, kwaye oku kuzenzekelayo kuphononongo kunye nokuthintela iiseli zebhetri. Enye into enokumiselwa kukuphucula ukusebenza okungaguqukiyo kwebhetri ukuphucula ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka kwebhetri yepakethe. Nangona kunjalo, ukuhambelana okugqibeleleyo akunakwenziwa, amaqhekeza ebhetri esebenzayo kunye ne-negative esebenzayo, nganye yeemilo, iimeko eziphezulu, iziphene, njl.

yebhetri, nje ukuba isisombululo siphezulu ngokwaneleyo, sinokubonwa. Ukongeza kwimathiriyeli ekrwada, ukulungiswa kwebhetri kubandakanya uninzi lweenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo, ezifuna ukugcina ibhetri ingaguquguquki kunzima kakhulu. Nangona utyalo-mali lwe-lithium-ion ibhetri ye-lithium-ion lusebenza ngoku ukuze kufezekiswe ukuchaneka okuphezulu kokucubungula, inani lezinto eziluhlaza kunye neenkqubo zokulungiselela eziyinkimbinkimbi zeebhetri ze-lithium-ion zenza ukuhambelana ukuba kube ngumsebenzi ongapheliyo.

Iimoto zombane ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kuqhubeka nokuphuhlisa, ilizwe lam liya kuqhubeka nokukhuthaza iteknoloji yokugcina enkulu kwiinkqubo zamandla. Ngokwemeko yesakhiwo samandla e-China, izithuthi zombane zinendima ebalulekileyo kwiqhinga lelizwe lam eliphakathi kunye nexesha elide lamandla kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo lwexesha elizayo. Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ngokuqhubekayo ngokukhawuleza ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yeteknoloji yebhetri, ukuthembeka kwayo kunye nokhuseleko kuya kuphuculwa kakhulu kwiminyaka eyi-5-10 ezayo.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuthintela ngokupheleleyo ingozi yokutshisa ibhetri ye-lithium-ion, phantse akunakwenzeka. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kwimeko yokuhlonipha inyaniso yenjongo, kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuphucula ukhuseleko. Eyokuqala iteknoloji isilumkiso, njengengxelo yamva nje yeYunivesithi yaseStanford yokubamba ngovakalelo lomqondiso we-hydrogen unokutyhala isilumkiso se-lithium-ion battery thermal ngaphandle kolawulo, eyaneleyo ukubaleka abasebenzi kwimoto yombane.

Ukongeza, indlela yebhetri "yetyhefu" iyasebenza ngakumbi, kwaye indlela yayo kuxa ibhetri ikhupha i-thermal ngaphandle kolawulo, ezinye iikhemikhali ezikhethekileyo zinokukhutshwa ukuze zidlule "i-痪" ngaphakathi kwebhetri, ziphazamise i-thermal ngaphandle kokulawula ikhonkco. Ngokubhekiselele kukhuseleko lwebhetri ye-lithium-ion, ukuphuhlisa ngamandla iteknoloji yokuphucula ukhuseleko olusebenzayo, ngokuqhubekayo uphucula ukuveliswa kwebhetri. Ngenye imini, olu hlobo lweendaba "eziqhumayo" aluyi kuphinda luvele ebomini bethu, sinokusebenzisa izithuthi zombane ngoxolo lwengqondo.

Imibulelo: Ndiyabulela kwiYunivesithi yaseTsinghua, iWang Li kunye neKholeji yeSithuthi, uFeng Xunning, ootitshala ababini, banikwe izinto ezifanelekileyo kunye neengxoxo eziluncedo.